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长难句

p.s. 蓝色是主语，红色为谓语动词，紫色为并列形式，绿色为断句标识，黄色为修饰断句标识，下划线为从句，删除线为修饰性句子

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基本结构长难句：

• 断开
  • 标点
  • 连接词：句开始于连接词，结束于：标点/下一个连接词之前/第二个谓语动词之前
    • ex. But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations.

      分析. 该长难句中没有标点，首先定位到that，that后只有一个谓语动词，所以下划线处为从句修饰Supreme Court。

    • ex. If it has to hire a caregiver for every two children , it can‘t really achieve any economics of scale on labor to save money when other expenses go up.
    • ex. More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree , and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since 1999.
    • ex. Imagine the number of teaching jobs that might be eliminated if this could be done for math , economics , chemistry , and so on.
    • ex. Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mobile-phone network was launched , advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in a big way.

      分析. how后面接to do是非谓语动词，不作为连接词

    • ex. Those who stay on for an additional two years can earn a master‘s degree that qualifies them as nurse practitioners or clinical nurse specialists.
    • ex. People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more rigid or have more self-control.
    • ex. Though the United States has fewer women in the workforce , American women who choose to be employed are far more likely to work full-time and to hold high-level jobs as managers or professionals.
  • 分析主谓：
    • 主谓主谓：
      • ex. This is the best movie I have seen.
      • ex. When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test , they‘re able to transfer the knowledge they ‘ve gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of someone else‘s expertise.
    • 主主谓谓：
      • ex. The present he gave me was very amazing.
      • ex. Some scientists maintain that the changes | we are seeing | fall within the range of random variation...

        分析. 及物动词的宾语从句中嵌套了一个定语从句we are seeing

• 简化
  • 定位谓语动词
  • 去修饰找核心
    • 形容词、副词
    • 介词短语 in / of / on / ...
    • 非谓语动词 doing / done / to do
    • 冠词、数词 a / the / one / ...
    • 非限定性定语从句
    • ex. Over (p.) the past few months it has been working hard , with (p.) the help of media consultants , to play down(非谓语动词) its cosy reputation in favour of (p.) something more academic and serious.
    • ex. Printing with moveable type on paper dramatically reduced the cost of producing a book compared(非谓语动词) with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum , which comes from sheepskin.
    • ex. A generation ago , female faces were rare and , even today , visitors walking(Non-Finite Verb) through the first floor of LeConte Hall will see a full corridor of exhibits honoring the many distinguished physicists who made history here , virtually all of them white males.
    • ex. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker , more visible , and much more damaging ways.
• 总结步骤
  • 找谓语动词
  • 找从句 that who ...
  • 找修饰性的句子

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特殊结构长难句：

• 分裂结构：找插入语
  • ex. There is growing fear among vice-chancellors that this revenue —— as well as the cultural , academic and economic benefit international students bring(插入语) —— is being put at risk.
• 嵌套结构：关键点是一个句子一个谓语动词
  • ex. Among the government‘s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children.

    该句为从句嵌套。介词短语放在句首，整个句子都倒装了，原句式是：One is Among the government‘s most interesting... reports

  • ex. A survey of 439 medical technicians found that 55 percent of technicians |who monitor bypass machines| acknowledged that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery.

    嵌套从句，who嵌套在第一个that中，第二个that从句独立

• 平行结构：找并列连词且词性相同
  • ex. The English , the Germans , the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain‘s former colony.
  • ex. Both areas are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society , become(v.) innovative leaders , and benefit(v.) from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind over time provides.
  • ex. Serveral hours after a meal , people‘s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they‘d eaten but rather by how much food they‘d seen in front of them...
  • ex. But brains are the superior choice when you want information to change , in interesting and useful ways : to connect up with other facts and ideas , to acquire successive layers of meaning , to steep for a while in your accumulated knowledge and experience...

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综合使用分析：

• ex. Indeed , according to surveys , employers have expressed a preference for students who have received a broadly-based education that has taught them to write well , think critically , research creatively and communicate easily.
• ex. Cole and Fredrickson found that people | who are happy but have little to no sense of meaning in their lives | have the same gene expression patterns as people who are responding to and enduring chronic adversity.

  but后面的句子不完整，缺少主语，所以与but前面的句子共享主语，是一个整体

英语语法之长难句分析