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ExecutorService.invokeAny()和ExecutorService.invokeAll()的使用剖析
ExecutorService是JDK并发工具包提供的一个核心接口,相当于一个线程池,提供执行任务和管理生命周期的方法。ExecutorService接口中的大部分API都是比较容易上手使用的,本文主要介绍下invokeAll和invokeAll方法的特性和使用。
package tasks;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;public class SleepSecondsCallable implements Callable<String>{ private String name; private int seconds; public SleepSecondsCallable(String name, int seconds) { this.name = name; this.seconds = seconds; } public String call() throws Exception { System.out.println(name + ",begin to execute"); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(seconds); } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println(name + " was disturbed during sleeping."); e.printStackTrace(); return name + "_SleepSecondsCallable_failed"; } System.out.println(name + ",success to execute"); return name + "_SleepSecondsCallable_succes"; }}
这是一个通过睡眠来模拟的耗时任务,该任务是可中断/可终止的任务,能够响应中断请求。
package tasks;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;public class ExceptionCallable implements Callable<String>{ private String name = null; public ExceptionCallable() { } public ExceptionCallable(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public String call() throws Exception { System.out.println("begin to ExceptionCallable."); System.out.println(name.length()); System.out.println("end to ExceptionCallable."); return name; }}
这是一个可能会在执行过程中,抛出空指针异常的任务。
package tasks;import java.util.Random;import java.util.concurrent.Callable;public class RandomTenCharsTask implements Callable<String>{ @Override public String call() throws Exception { System.out.println("RandomTenCharsTask begin to execute..."); StringBuffer content = new StringBuffer(); String base = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"; Random random = new Random(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { int number = random.nextInt(base.length()); content.append(base.charAt(number)); } System.out.println("RandomTenCharsTask complete.result=" + content); return content.toString(); }}
这是一个正常的短时的任务,产生10个随机字符组成的字符串。
一、测试invokeAny()
/** * 提交的任务集合,一旦有1个任务正常完成(没有抛出异常),会终止其他未完成的任务 */public static void invokeAny1() throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t1", 2)); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t2", 1)); String result = executorService.invokeAny(tasks); System.out.println("result=" + result); executorService.shutdown();}
程序的执行结果是:返回t2线程的执行结果t2_SleepSecondsCallable_succes,同时t1抛出java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted。
/*** 没有1个正常完成的任务,invokeAny()方法抛出ExecutionException,封装了任务中元素的异常* */public static void invokeAny2() throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); String result = executorService.invokeAny(tasks); System.out.println("result=" + result); executorService.shutdown();}
程序执行结果是:调用invokeAny()报错 java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.NullPointerException。
/*** 有异常的任务,有正常的任务,invokeAny()不会抛异常,返回最先正常完成的任务*/public static void invokeAny3() throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t1", 2)); String result = executorService.invokeAny(tasks); System.out.println("result=" + result); executorService.shutdown();}
程序执行结果是:不会抛出任何异常,打印出t2任务的返回结果。也就是说:invokeAny()和任务的提交顺序无关,只是返回最早正常执行完成的任务。
第四种情况,测试下使用限时版本的invokeAny(),主要功能与不限时版本的差别不大
/** * 还没有到超时之前,所以的任务都已经异常完成,抛出ExecutionException<br> * 如果超时前满,还没有没有完成的任务,抛TimeoutException */public static void invokeAnyTimeout() throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); String result = executorService.invokeAny(tasks, 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS); System.out.println("result=" + result); executorService.shutdown();}
程序执行结果是:抛出ExecutionException。这个其实很合理,也很好理解。如果在超时之前,所有任务已经都是异常终止,那就没有必要在等下去了;如果超时之后,仍然有正在运行或等待运行的任务,那么会抛出TimeoutException。
/** * Executes the given tasks, returning the result * of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing * an exception), if any do. Upon normal or exceptional return, * tasks that have not completed are cancelled. * The results of this method are undefined if the given * collection is modified while this operation is in progress. * * @param tasks the collection of tasks * @return the result returned by one of the tasks * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting * @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any of its elements * are <tt>null</tt> * @throws IllegalArgumentException if tasks is empty * @throws ExecutionException if no task successfully completes * @throws RejectedExecutionException if tasks cannot be scheduled * for execution */ <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
与我们测试结果一致,invokeAny()返回最先正常完成(without throwing exception)的任务直接结果;一旦有任务正常完成或者调用出现异常,线程池都会终止正在运行或等待运行(tasks that have not completed are cancelled)的任务。
二、测试invokeAll()
这个方法相对来说比较好理解,就是执行任务列表中的所有任务,并返回与每个任务对应的Futue。也就是说,任务彼此之间不会相互影响,可以通过future跟踪每一个任务的执行情况,比如是否被取消,是正常完成,还是异常完成,这主要使用Future类提供的API。
public static void testInvokeAll() throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5); List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t1", 2)); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t2", 2)); tasks.add(new RandomTenCharsTask()); tasks.add(new ExceptionCallable()); // 调用该方法的线程会阻塞,直到tasks全部执行完成(正常完成/异常退出) List<Future<String>> results = executorService.invokeAll(tasks); // 任务列表中所有任务执行完毕,才能执行该语句 System.out.println("wait for the result." + results.size()); executorService.shutdown(); for (Future<String> f : results) { // isCanceled=false,isDone=true System.out.println("isCanceled=" + f.isCancelled() + ",isDone=" + f.isDone()); // ExceptionCallable任务会报ExecutionException System.out.println("task result=" + f.get()); }}
程序的执行结果和一些结论,已经直接写在代码注释里面了。invokeAll是一个阻塞方法,会等待任务列表中的所有任务都执行完成。不管任务是正常完成,还是异常终止,Future.isDone()始终返回true。通过Future.isCanceled()可以判断任务是否在执行的过程中被取消。通过Future.get()可以获取任务的返回结果,或者是任务在执行中抛出的异常。
第二种情况,测试限时版本的invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
/** * 可以通过Future.isCanceled()判断任务是被取消,还是完成(正常/异常)<br> * Future.isDone()总是返回true,对于invokeAll()的调用者来说,没有啥用 */public static void testInvokeAllTimeout() throws Exception{ ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5); List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t1", 2)); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t2", 2)); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t3", 3)); tasks.add(new RandomTenCharsTask()); List<Future<String>> results = executorService.invokeAll(tasks, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); System.out.println("wait for the result." + results.size()); for (Future<String> f : results) { System.out.println("isCanceled=" + f.isCancelled() + ",isDone=" + f.isDone()); } executorService.shutdown();}
执行结果是: wait for the result.4 isCanceled=true,isDone=true isCanceled=true,isDone=true isCanceled=true,isDone=true isCanceled=false,isDone=true
也就是说给定的超时期满,还没有完成的任务会被取消,即Future.isCancelled()返回true;在超时期之前,无论是正常完成还是异常终止的任务,Future.isCancelled()返回false。
第三种情况,测试在等待invokeAll执行完成之前,线程被中断
/** * 如果线程在等待invokeAll()执行完成的时候,被中断,会抛出InterruptedException<br> * 此时线程池会终止没有完成的任务,这主要是为了减少资源的浪费. */public static void testInvokeAllWhenInterrupt() throws Exception{ final ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5); // 调用invokeAll的线程 Thread invokeAllThread = new Thread() { @Override public void run() { List<Callable<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<Callable<String>>(); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t1", 2)); tasks.add(new SleepSecondsCallable("t2", 2)); tasks.add(new RandomTenCharsTask()); // 调用线程会阻塞,直到tasks全部执行完成(正常完成/异常退出) try { List<Future<String>> results = executorService .invokeAll(tasks); System.out.println("wait for the result." + results.size()); } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out .println("I was wait,but my thread was interrupted."); e.printStackTrace(); } } }; invokeAllThread.start(); Thread.sleep(200); invokeAllThread.interrupt(); executorService.shutdown();}
invokeAllThread 线程调用了ExecutorService.invokeAll(),在等待任务执行完成的时候,invokeAllThread被别的线程中断了。这个时候,
ExecutorService.invokeAll()会抛出Java.lang.InterruptedException,任务t1和t2都被终止抛出java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted。
也就是说一旦ExecutorService.invokeAll()方法产生了异常,线程池中还没有完成的任务会被取消执行
参见:http://blog.csdn.net/baidu_23086307/article/details/51740852
http://blog.csdn.net/lmj623565791/article/details/27250059
ExecutorService.invokeAny()和ExecutorService.invokeAll()的使用剖析