Read problems statements in Mandarin Chinese and Russian.

Problem Statement

Chef has a undirected graph G. This graph consists of N vertices and M edges. Each vertex of the graph has an unique index from 1 to N, also each edge of the graph has an unique index from 1 to M.

Also Chef has Q pairs of integers: L_i, R_i (1 ≤ L_i ≤ R_i ≤ M). For each pair L_i, R_i, Chef wants to know: how many connected components will contain graph G if Chef erase all the edges from the graph, except the edges with indies X, where L_i ≤ X ≤ R_i. Please, help Chef with these queries.

Input

The first line of the input contains an integer T denoting the number of test cases. The description of T test cases follows.
The first line of each test case contains three integers N, M, Q. Each of the next M lines contains a pair of integers V_i, U_i - the current edge of graph G. Each of the next Q lines contains a pair of integers L_i, R_i - the current query.

Output

For each query of each test case print the required number of connected components.

Constraints

• 1 ≤ T ≤ 1000.
• 1 ≤ N, M, Q ≤ 200000.
• 1 ≤ U_i, V_i ≤ N.
• 1 ≤ L_i ≤ R_i ≤ M.
• Sum of all values of N for test cases is not greater than 200000. Sum of all values of M for test cases is not greater than 200000. Sum of all values of Q for test cases is not greater than 200000.
• Graph G can contain self-loops and multiple edges.

Example

Input:23 5 41 31 22 13 22 22 31 55 51 21 1 11 11 1Output:21311

破题坑了一晚上

题目大意？见上面超链接的中文题面。

树 LCT 动态维护生成树

将所有询问按右端点递增顺序排序，从1到m依次加边。

用LCT维护当前的生成树，生成树中保留的是编号尽量大的边。

同时用线段树维护生成树中保留了哪些边（权值线段树，存编号）。

查询时，在线段树上查询$[L,R]$范围内有多少条边，若查询结果为$ x $，则连通块数为$n-x$

注意有自环和重边，这使得维护生成树的时候不能一律删编号最靠前的边，而要先查询生成树中有没有重边。

细节蛮多的。

代码太丑，改天优化一下再放

[CodeChef - GERALD07 ] Chef and Graph Queries