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JavaScript继承
1)原型链
①原型链示例
function Shape() { this.name = ‘shape‘; this.toString = function(){ return this.name; } } function TwoDshape () { this.name = ‘2D shape‘; } function Triangle (side,height) { this.name = ‘Triangle‘; this.side = side; this.height = height; this.getArea = function () { return this.side * this.height / 2; } } TwoDshape.prototype = new Shape(); Triangle.prototype = new TwoDshape(); //用new新建对象实体,并赋值覆盖该对象的原型 TwoDshape.prototype.constructor = TwoDshape; Triangle.prototype.constructor = Triangle; var my = new Triangle(5,10); my.getArea(); //25 console.log(my.toString());//继承的方法,具体步骤(遍历my对象属性没有找到,接着查看my.__proto__所指向的对象,即new TwoDshape()创建的实体, //依然没找到,又继续查找该实体的__proto__所指向的对象,即new Shape()所创建的实体,找到toString方法,并在my对象中被调用,this指向my) //通过instanceof操作符,我们可以验证my对象同时是上面三个构造器的实例 my instanceof Shape; //true my instanceof TwoDShape; //true my instanceof Triangle; //true //我们也可以用其他两个构造器来创建对象,用new TwoDshape()所创建的对象也可以获得继承自Shape()的toString()方法 var td = new TwoDshape(); td.constructor === TwoDshape; //true; td.toString(); // 2D shape var s = new Shape(); s.constructor === shape; // true;
②将共享属性迁移到原型中去
function Shape(){this.name=‘shape‘}//使用new Shape()新建对象,每个实体都有全新的属性并占用独立空间 function Shape(){};Shape.prototype.name=‘shape‘;//属性移到原型后,使用new新建对象时,不再含自己独立的这个属性
2)只继承于原型
Triangle.prototype=Shape.prototype;//减少继承方法的查询步骤 Triangle.prototype.name=‘Triangle‘;//修改子对象原型后父对象原型也随即被改,即再new Shape()新建对象时,新对象name为‘Triangl
②临时构造器——new F()
function Shape() {} Shape.prototype.name = "shape"; Shape.prototype.toString = function () { return this.name; } function TwoDshape() {} var F = function () {}; F.prototype = Shape.prototype; TwoDshape.prototype = new F(); TwoDshape.prototype.constructor = TwoDshape; TwoDshape.prototype.name = ‘2D shape‘; function Triangle(side, height) { this.side = side; this.height = height; } var F = function () {}; F.prototype = TwoDshape.prototype; Triangle.prototype = new F(); Triangle.prototype.constructor = Triangle; Triangle.prototype.name = ‘Triangle‘; Triangle.prototype.getArea = function () { return this.side * this.height / 2; } var my = new Triangle (5,10); alert(my.getArea()); //通过这种方法,我们仍然能保持住原型链 my._proto_ === Triangle.prototype; //true my._proto_.constructor === Triangle; //true my._proto_._proto_ === TwoDshape.prototypr; //true my._proto_._proto_._proto_.constructor === Shape;_ //true //并且父对象的属性不会被子对象覆盖: var s = new Shape(); s.name; // shape //calling toString() "I am a" + new TwoDshape(); //I am a 2D shape
3)uber—子对象访问父对象的方式
function Shape(){} Shape.prototype.name=‘shape‘; Shape.prototype.toString=function(){ var const = this.constructor; return const.uber ? this.const.uber.toString() + ‘,‘ + this.name : this.name; } function TwoDShape(){ var F=function(){} F.prototype=Shape.prototype; TwoDShape.prototype=new F(); TwoDShape.prototype.constructor=TwoDShape; TwoDShape.uber=Shape.prototype; TwoDShape.prototype.name=‘2D shape‘; function Triangle(side,height){ this.side=side; this.height=height; } var F=function(){} F.prototype=TwoDShape.prototype; Triangle.prototype=new F(); Triangle.prototype.constructor=Triangle; Triangle.uber=TwoDShape.prototype; Triangle.prototype.name=‘triangle‘; Triangle.prototype.getArea=function(){return this.side*this.height/2}; var my=new Triangle(5,10) console.log(my.toString());//shape,2D shape,triangle
4)将继承部分封装成函数
function extend (Child,Parent) { var F = function () {}; F.prototype = Parent.prototype; Child.prototype = new F(); Child.prototype.constructor = Child; Child.uber = Parent.prototype; } extend(TwoDsgape,Shape); extend(Triangle,TwoDshape);
5)属性拷贝
/*属性拷贝执行的是对象原型的逐一拷贝,而非简单的原型链查询。 所以需要特别注意的是: 这种方法仅适用于包含基本数据类型的对象, 所有的对象类型(包括函数和数组)都是不可复制的, 因为他们只支持引用传递 */ function extend2(Child,Parent){ var p = Parent.prototype; var c = Child.prototype; for(var i in p){ c[i] = p[i]; } c.uber = p ; }
6)小心处理引用拷贝
var A=function(){},B=function(){}; A.prototype.stuff=[1,2,3]; A.prototype.name=‘a‘; extend2(B,A);//让B继承A使用方法二 B.prototype.name+=‘b‘;//ab,A.prototype.name依然为a,因为拷贝的是值 B.prototype.stuff.push(4);//此时A和B原型上的stuff同时被修改,因为拷贝的是应用 B.prototype.stuff=[‘a‘,‘b‘,‘c‘]//如果完全重写事情就不一样了,A为原来,B为新的
7)对象之间的继承(不使用构造器)
function extendCopy (p) { var c = {}; for (var i in p){ c[i] = p[i]; } c.uber = p; return c; } var shape ={ name = ‘shape‘, toString :function () { return this.name; } } var twoDee = extendCopy(shape); twoDee.name = ‘2D shape‘; twoDee.toString = function () { return this.uber.toString() + ‘,‘ + this.name; } //下面我们让triangle对象继承一个2D图形对象 var triangle = extendCopy(twoDee); triangle.name = ‘Triangle‘ triangle.getArea = function () { return this.side * this.height / 2; } //使用triangle triangle.side = 5; triangle.height = 10; triangle.getArea(); //25 triangle.toString(); // shape,2D shape,Triangle
8)深拷贝(当遇到对象类型时,再次调用拷贝)
function deepCopy(p,c){ c = c || {}; for (var i in p){ if(p.hasOwnProperty(i)){ if(typeof p[i] === ‘object‘){ c[i] = Array.isArray(p[i]?[]:{}); deepCopy(p[i],c[i]); }else{ c[i] = p[i] } } } return c; } var parent = { numbers:[1,2,3], letters:[‘a‘,‘b‘,‘c‘], obj:{ prop : 1 }, bool : true }; //我们分别用深拷贝和浅拷贝测试一下,就会发现两者的不同。 //在深拷贝中,对对象的numbers属性进行更新不会对原对象产生影响。 var mydeep = deepCopy(parent); var myshallow = extendCopy(parent); mydeep.numbers.push(4,5,6); mydeep.numbers //[1,2,3,4,5,6] parent.numbers //[1,2,3] myshallow.numbers.push(10); myshallow.numbers //[1,2,3,10] parent.numbers //[1,2,3,10]
9)object()(用object函数来接受父对象,并返回一个以该对象为原型的新对象)
function object(o){ var n; function F(){} F.prototype=o; n=new F(); n.uber=o; return n; }//这个函数与extendcopy基本相同
10)原型继承与属性拷贝的混合应用
function objectplus(o,stuff){ var n; function F(){} F.prototype=o; n=new F(); n.uber=o; for(var i in stuff){n[i]=stuff[i]} return n; }//两对象o用于继承,stuff用于拷贝方法与属性
11)多重继承(一个对象中有不至一个父对象的继承)
function multi(){ var n={},stuff,j=0,len=arguments.length; for(j=0;i<len;j++){ stuff=arguments[j]; for(var i in stuff){n[i]=stuff[i]} } return n; }//内层循环用于拷贝属性,外层循环用于遍历多个父对象参数,若有相同属性后面替代之前
12) 寄生式继承
13)构造器借用
待续...
JavaScript继承
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