1 names = [‘Freeman‘,"Jack",‘Ruby‘]

1 >>> names[0]
2 ‘Freeman‘
3 >>> names[2]
4 ‘Ruby‘
5 >>> names[-1]  #可以倒着取,-1表示最后一个
6 ‘Ruby‘ 

 1 >>> names = ["Freeman","Tlan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
 2 >>> names[1:4]  #取下标1至下标4之间的数字，包括1，不包括4
 3 [‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘]
 4 >>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值，不包括-1
 5 [‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘]
 6 >>> names[0:3] 
 7 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘]
 8 >>> names[:3] #如果是从头开始取，0可以忽略，跟上句效果一样
 9 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘]
10 >>> names[3:] #如果想取最后一个，必须不能写-1，只能这么写
11 [‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘] 
12 >>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了
13 [‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘]
14 >>> names[0::2] #后面的2是代表，每隔一个元素，就取一个
15 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Tom‘] 
16 >>> names[::2] #和上句效果一样
17 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Tom‘]

1 >>> names
2 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
3 >>> names.append("我是新来的")
4 >>> names
5 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]

1 >>> names
2 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
3 >>> names.insert(2,"强行从Eric前面插入")
4 >>> names
5 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
6 
7 >>> names.insert(5,"从eric后面插入试试新姿势")
8 >>> names
9 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]

1 >>> names
2 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
3 >>> names[2] = "该换人了"
4 >>> names
5 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘该换人了‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]

 1 >>> del names[2] 
 2 >>> names
 3 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
 4 >>> del names[4]
 5 >>> names
 6 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
 7 >>> 
 8 >>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素
 9 >>> names
10 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
11 >>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值 
12 ‘我是新来的‘
13 >>> names
14 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]

1 >>> names
2 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
3 >>> b = [1,2,3]
4 >>> names.extend(b)
5 >>> names
6 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]

 1 import copy
 2 a = [‘qq‘,‘ww‘,‘ee‘,[‘gg‘,‘bb‘]]
 3 b = copy.copy(a)
 4 c = copy.deepcopy(a)
 5 print(b)
 6 a[0] = ‘New‘
 7 print(a)
 8 print(b)
 9 a[3][0] = ‘Big‘
10 print(a)
11 print("copy",b)
12 print("deepcopy",c)
13 
14 结果：
15 [‘qq‘, ‘ww‘, ‘ee‘, [‘gg‘, ‘bb‘]]
16 [‘New‘, ‘ww‘, ‘ee‘, [‘gg‘, ‘bb‘]]
17 [‘qq‘, ‘ww‘, ‘ee‘, [‘gg‘, ‘bb‘]]
18 [‘New‘, ‘ww‘, ‘ee‘, [‘Big‘, ‘bb‘]]
19 copy [‘qq‘, ‘ww‘, ‘ee‘, [‘Big‘, ‘bb‘]]
20 deepcopy [‘qq‘, ‘ww‘, ‘ee‘, [‘gg‘, ‘bb‘]]

1 >>> names
2 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
3 >>> names.count("Amy")
4 2

 1 >>> names
 2 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
 3 >>> names.sort() #排序
 4 Traceback (most recent call last):
 5   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 6 TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()   #3.0里不同数据类型不能放在一起排序
 7 >>> names[-3] = ‘1‘
 8 >>> names[-2] = ‘2‘
 9 >>> names[-1] = ‘3‘
10 >>> names
11 [‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘]
12 >>> names.sort()
13 >>> names
14 [‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Freeman‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Tom‘]
15 
16 >>> names.reverse() #反转
17 >>> names
18 [‘Tom‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Freeman‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘]

1 >>> names
2 [‘Tom‘, ‘Tlan‘, ‘Freeman‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘]
3 >>> names.index("Amy")
4 3 #只返回找到的第一个下标

1 names = ("Freeman","jack","eric")

 1 name = ‘jack lee‘
 2 name.capitalize()  首字母大写
 3 name.casefold()   大写全部变小写
 4 name.center(50,"-")  输出 ‘---------------------jack lee----------------------‘
 5 name.count(‘lee‘) 统计 lee出现次数
 6 name.encode()  将字符串编码成bytes格式
 7 name.endswith("lee")  判断字符串是否以 lee结尾
 8  "jack\tlee".expandtabs(10) 输出‘jack      lee‘， 将\t转换成多长的空格 
 9  name.find(‘a‘)  查找a,找到返回其索引， 找不到返回-1 
10 
11 format :
12     >>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
13     >>> msg.format("freeman",22)
14     ‘my name is freeman, and age is 22‘
15     >>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
16     >>> msg.format("freeman",22)
17     ‘my name is 22, and age is freeman‘
18     >>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
19     >>> msg.format(age=22,name="free")
20     ‘my name is free, and age is 22‘
21 format_map
22     >>> msg.format_map({‘name‘:‘freeman‘,‘age‘:22})
23     ‘my name is alex, and age is 22‘
24 
25 
26 msg.index(‘a‘)  返回a所在字符串的索引
27 ‘9aA‘.isalnum()   True
28 
29 ‘9‘.isdigit() 是否整数
30 name.isnumeric  
31 name.isprintable
32 name.isspace
33 name.istitle
34 name.isupper
35  "-".join([‘freeman‘,‘jack‘,‘rain‘])
36 ‘freeman-jack-rain‘
37 
38 
39 maketrans
40     >>> intab = "aeiou"  #This is the string having actual characters. 
41     >>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
42     >>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
43     >>> 
44     >>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
45     >>> str.translate(trantab)
46     ‘th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!‘
47 
48  msg.partition(‘is‘)   输出 (‘my name ‘, ‘is‘, ‘ {name}, and age is {age}‘) 
49 
50  >>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)#LI替换li,1表示替换第一个，如果换成2，就是替换前两个
51      ‘alex LI, chinese name is lijie‘
52 
53  msg.swapcase 大小写互换
54 
55 
56  >>> msg.zfill(40)
57 ‘00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}‘
58 
59 
60 
61 >>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
62 ‘Hello 2orld-----------------------------‘
63 >>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
64 ‘-----------------------------Hello 2orld‘
65 
66 
67 >>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 
68 >>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串可否被当作标志符，即是否符合变量命名规则
69 True

1 info = {
2     ‘stu001‘: "Xiao Ming",
3     ‘stu002‘: "Xiao Hong",
4     ‘stu003‘: "Xiao Gou",
5 }

1 info["stu004"] = "苍井空"
2 
3 {‘stu001‘: ‘Xiao Ming‘,
4  ‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘,
5  ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘,
6  ‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘}

1 info[‘stu001‘] = ‘Freeman‘
2 
3 {‘stu001‘: ‘Freeman‘,
4  ‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘,
5  ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘,
6  ‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘}

 1 >>> info
 2 {‘stu001‘: ‘Freeman‘,
 3  ‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘,
 4  ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘,
 5  ‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘}
 6 >>> info.pop("stu001") #标准删除姿势
 7  ‘Freeman‘
 8 >>> info
 9 {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘, ‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘}
10 >>> del info[‘stu003‘] #换个姿势删除
11 >>> info
12 {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘}
13 >>> 
14 >>> info
15 {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘} #随机删除
16 >>> info.popitem()
17 (‘stu002‘, ‘Xiao Hong‘)
18 >>> info
19  {‘stu004‘: ‘苍井空‘}

 1 >>> info = {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘}
 2 >>> 
 3 >>> "stu002" in info #标准用法
 4 True
 5 >>> info.get("stu002")  #获取
 6 ‘Xiao Hong‘
 7 >>> info["stu002"] #同上，但是看下面
 8 ‘Xiao Hong‘
 9 >>> info["stu005"]  #如果一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None
10 Traceback (most recent call last):
11   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
12 KeyError: ‘stu1105‘

 1 #values
 2 >>> info.values()
 3 dict_values([‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘Xiao Gou‘])
 4 
 5 #keys
 6 >>> info.keys()
 7 dict_keys([‘stu002‘, ‘stu003‘])
 8 
 9 
10 #setdefault
11 >>> info.setdefault("stu006","Freeman")
12 ‘Freeman‘
13 >>> info
14 {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘, ‘stu006‘: ‘Freeman‘}
15 >>> info.setdefault("stu002","why")
16 ‘Xiao Hong‘
17 >>> info
18 {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘, ‘stu006‘:‘Freeman‘}
19  
20  
21 #update 
22 >>> info
23 {‘stu002‘: ‘Xiao Hong‘, ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘, ‘stu006‘:‘Freeman‘}
24 >>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu002":"龙泽萝拉"}
25 >>> info.update(b)
26 >>> info
27 {‘stu006‘: ‘Freeman‘, 1: 2, ‘stu002‘: ‘龙泽萝拉‘, 3: 4, ‘stu003‘: ‘Xiao Gou‘}
28  
29 #items
30 info.items()
31 dict_items([(‘stu006‘, ‘Freeman‘), (1, 2), (‘stu002‘, ‘龙泽萝拉‘), (3, 4), (‘stu003‘, ‘Xiao Gou‘)])
32 
33 
34 #通过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑，少用吧这个
35 >>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],‘testd‘)
36 {1: ‘testd‘, 2: ‘testd‘, 3: ‘testd‘}

1 #方法1
2 for key in info:
3     print(key,info[key])
4 
5 #方法2
6 for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据量大时莫用
7     print(k,v)

 1 s = set([3,5,9,10])      #创建一个数值集合  
 2   
 3 t = set("Hello")         #创建一个唯一字符的集合  
 4 
 5 
 6 a = t | s          # t 和 s的并集  
 7   
 8 b = t & s          # t 和 s的交集  
 9   
10 c = t – s          # 求差集（项在t中，但不在s中）  
11   
12 d = t ^ s          # 对称差集（项在t或s中，但不会同时出现在二者中）  
13   
14    
15   
16 基本操作：  
17   
18 t.add(‘x‘)            # 添加一项  
19   
20 s.update([10,37,42])  # 在s中添加多项  
21   
22    
23   
24 使用remove()可以删除一项：  
25   
26 t.remove(‘H‘)  
27   
28   
29 len(s)  
30 set 的长度  
31   
32 x in s  
33 测试 x 是否是 s 的成员  
34   
35 x not in s  
36 测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员  
37   
38 s.issubset(t)  
39 s <= t  
40 测试是否 s 中的每一个元素都在 t 中  
41   
42 s.issuperset(t)  
43 s >= t  
44 测试是否 t 中的每一个元素都在 s 中  
45   
46 s.union(t)  
47 s | t  
48 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每一个元素  
49   
50 s.intersection(t)  
51 s & t  
52 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素  
53   
54 s.difference(t)  
55 s - t  
56 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 中有但是 t 中没有的元素  
57   
58 s.symmetric_difference(t)  
59 s ^ t  
60 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重复的元素  
61   
62 s.copy()  
63 返回 set “s”的一个浅复制 

1 f = open(‘lyrics‘) #打开文件
2 first_line = f.readline()
3 print(‘first line:‘,first_line) #读一行
4 print(‘我是分隔线‘.center(50,‘-‘))
5 data = http://www.mamicode.com/f.read()# 读取剩下的所有内容,文件大时不要用
6 print(data) #打印文件
7  
8 f.close() #关闭文件

 1 def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 2         """
 3         Close the file.
 4         
 5         A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
 6         called more than once without error.
 7         """
 8         pass
 9 
10     def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
11         """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
12         pass
13 
14     def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
15         """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
16         pass
17 
18     def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
19         """
20         注意，不一定能全读回来
21         Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
22         
23         Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
24         In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
25         Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
26         """
27         return ""
28 
29     def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
30         """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
31         pass
32 
33     def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
34         """
35         Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
36         
37         In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
38         or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
39         """
40         pass
41 
42     def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
43         """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
44         pass #不要用,没人知道它是干嘛用的
45 
46     def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
47         """
48         Move to new file position and return the file position.
49         
50         Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
51         SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
52         are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
53         and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
54         many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
55         
56         Note that not all file objects are seekable.
57         """
58         pass
59 
60     def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
61         """ True if file supports random-access. """
62         pass
63 
64     def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
65         """
66         Current file position.
67         
68         Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
69         """
70         pass
71 
72     def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
73         """
74         Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
75         
76         Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
77         The current file position is changed to the value of size.
78         """
79         pass
80 
81     def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
82         """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
83         pass
84 
85     def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
86         """
87         Write bytes b to file, return number written.
88         
89         Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
90         The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
91         returns None if the write would block.
92         """
93         pass

1 with open(‘log‘,‘r‘) as f:

1 with open(‘log1‘) as obj1, open(‘log2‘) as obj2:
2     pass