// Backbone.Events// ---------------// A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with// custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback// functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in// succession.////     var object = {};//     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);//     object.on(‘expand‘, function(){ alert(‘expanded‘); });//     object.trigger(‘expand‘);//var Events = Backbone.Events = {    // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind    // the callback to all events fired.    on: function(name, callback, context) {        //两种情况：        //1. 一次添加多个事件时，通过eventsApi一个一个添加，所以eventsApi返回false，那么直接return        //2. 回调函数没定义，没有意义，直接return        if (!eventsApi(this, ‘on‘, name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;        //因此这里往下事件是一个一个添加的，即name是一个事件名（如：click | custom）        //初始化私有变量，用于存储事件的信息        this._events || (this._events = {});        var events = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);        events.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this});        return this;    },    // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time    // the callback is invoked, it will be removed.    once: function(name, callback, context) {        if (!eventsApi(this, ‘once‘, name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;        var self = this;        //将callback进行包装，返回的新函数newCallback内部会调用calllback        //不同的是，newCallback只会调用callback一次，之后只会返回callback执行的结果        //也就是说once实质上并没有去除掉事件监听函数，而是控制了callback只会执行一次        var once = _.once(function() {            self.off(name, once);            callback.apply(this, arguments);        });        //保留原callback，用于off操作        once._callback = callback;        //实质调用.on()方法注册事件        return this.on(name, once, context);    },    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all    // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all    // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound    // callbacks for all events.    off: function(name, callback, context) {        var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;        //两种情况：        //1. 根本没注册过事件，何谈删除事件，直接return        //2. 像上述所说支持多事件删除        if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, ‘off‘, name, [callback, context])) return this;        //如果是obj.off()这样调用，那么删除该对象obj上所有的事件监听        //也就是是将_events清空了        if (!name && !callback && !context) {            this._events = void 0;            return this;        }        //如果name为空，像obj.off(undefined, cb1, ctx1)        //那么name就为所有注册过的事件（即_.keys(this._events)）        names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events);        //根据name遍历events        for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {            name = names[i];            if (events = this._events[name]) {                this._events[name] = retain = [];                //如果callback或者context有一个有值                //那么接下来将它们作为条件进行接下来事件的off操作                //实质其实是先清空_events，将不满足条件删除条件的事件监听器重新填入_events中                if (callback || context) {                    for (j = 0, k = events.length; j < k; j++) {                        ev = events[j];                        //这里对指定了callback或者context的情况，做了条件判断                        //这里的_callback是因为.once方法会对原callback进行包装，这里的evn.callback就是包装后的，原callback保存在_callback中                        if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback && callback !== ev.callback._callback) ||                            (context && context !== ev.context)) {                            retain.push(ev);                        }                    }                }                //发现该事件的事件监听器被删光了，那么做了清理工作，删除_events对应的key                if (!retain.length) delete this._events[name];            }        }        return this;    },    // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are    // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name    // (unless you‘re listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to    // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).    trigger: function(name) {        if (!this._events) return this;        //分离出传给callback的参数        var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);        //同样支持多事件同时trigger        if (!eventsApi(this, ‘trigger‘, name, args)) return this;        var events = this._events[name];        var allEvents = this._events.all;        if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);        if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, arguments);        return this;    },    // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or    // to every object it‘s currently listening to.    stopListening: function(obj, name, callback) {        var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;        if (!listeningTo) return this;        var remove = !name && !callback;        //这里是兼容(obj, {click: cb1, change: cb2})这种形式        //保证第三个参数是作为context传入，这里是this        if (!callback && typeof name === ‘object‘) callback = this;        //如果有指定obj，那么解除对象只针对obj        //如果没有指定，则是解除监听的所有对象的事件绑定        if (obj) (listeningTo = {})[obj._listenId] = obj;        for (var id in listeningTo) {            obj = listeningTo[id];            obj.off(name, callback, this);            //两种情况下做清理工作            //1. 已经表明清除对obj的的所有事件监听（即name和callback都为空）            //2. obj对象自身都没有被绑定事件了，哪来的事件让你监听呢？            if (remove || _.isEmpty(obj._events)) delete this._listeningTo[id];        }        return this;    }};// Regular expression used to split event strings.var eventSplitter = /\s+/;// Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event// names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`// in terms of the existing API.var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) {    if (!name) return true;    // Handle event maps.    //支持映射关系    //如：(obj, ‘on‘, {‘click‘: function x () {}, ‘blur‘: function xx () {}}, context)    if (typeof name === ‘object‘) {        for (var key in name) {            //反复调用action(on | off | once), 每次添加一个事件监听，从而达到添加多个。            obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));        }        return false;    }    // Handle space separated event names.    //支持空格分割事件（即多事件共享同一个函数）    //如：(obj, ‘on‘, ‘click blur‘, function () {}, context)    if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {        var names = name.split(eventSplitter);        for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {            obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));        }        return false;    }    return true;};// A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for// triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal// Backbone events have 3 arguments).//这里做了个优化，就是如果arg参数在3个之类的话，用call进行调用//因为call要比apply的效率高(http://jsperf.com/function-versus-function-call-versus-function-apply)var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {    var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];    switch (args.length) {        case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;        case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;        case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;        case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;        default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;    }};var listenMethods = {listenTo: ‘on‘, listenToOnce: ‘once‘};// Inversion-of-control versions of `on` and `once`. Tell *this* object to// listen to an event in another object ... keeping track of what it‘s// listening to.//添加listenTo和listernToOnce方法//实质是://1. 给需要监听的对象obj赋予一个_listenId的随机id//2. 再给监听者（调用对象）添加一个map就是listeningTo属性，添加上述的id和obj//3. 给obj绑定被监听的事件被将this指向调用者//这里实质就是调用obj的on或者once方法来添加事件监听，//那么单独列出这样的一个方法的好处在于方便监听者，可以随时监听和解除监听，上述的1，2两不操作是为了以后解除监听做准备_.each(listenMethods, function(implementation, method) {    Events[method] = function(obj, name, callback) {        var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});        var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId(‘l‘));        listeningTo[id] = obj;        if (!callback && typeof name === ‘object‘) callback = this;        obj[implementation](name, callback, this);        return this;    };});// Aliases for backwards compatibility.Events.bind   = Events.on;Events.unbind = Events.off;// Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who// want global "pubsub" in a convenient place._.extend(Backbone, Events);