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趣味算法:字符串反转的N种方法(转)

老赵在反对北大青鸟的随笔中提到了数组反转。这的确是一道非常基础的算法题,然而也是一道很不平常的算法题(也许所有的算法深究下去都会很不平常)。因为我写着写着,就写出来8种方法……现在我们以字符串的反转为例,来介绍这几种方法并对它们的性能进行比较。

使用Array.Reverse方法

对于字符串反转,我们可以使用.NET类库自带的Array.Reverse方法

public static string  ReverseByArray(this string  original){    char[] c = original.ToCharArray();    Array.Reverse(c);    return new string(c);}

使用字符缓存

在面试或笔试中,往往要求不用任何类库方法,那么有朋友大概会使用类似下面这样的循环方法

public static string ReverseByCharBuffer(this string original){    char[] c = original.ToCharArray();    int l = original.Length;    char[] o = new char[l];    for (int i = 0; i < l ; i++)    {        o[i] = c[l - i - 1];    }    return new string(o);}

当然,聪明的同学们一定会发现不必对这个字符数组进行完全遍历,通常情况下我们会只遍历一半

public static string ReverseByCharBuffer2(this string original){    char[] c = original.ToCharArray();    int l = original.Length;    for (int i = 0; i < l / 2; i++)    {        char t = c[i];        c[i] = c[l - i - 1];        c[l - i - 1] = t;    }    return new string(c);}

ReverseByCharBuffer使用了一个新的数组,而且遍历了字符数组的所有元素,因此时间和空间的开销都要大于ReverseByCharBuffer2。

在Array.Reverse内部,调用了非托管方法TrySZReverse,如果TrySZReverse不成功,实际上也是调用了类似ReverseByCharBuffer2的方法。

if (!TrySZReverse(array, index, length)){    int num = index;    int num2 = (index + length) - 1;    object[] objArray = array as object[];    if (objArray == null)    {        while (num < num2)        {            object obj3 = array.GetValue(num);            array.SetValue(array.GetValue(num2), num);            array.SetValue(obj3, num2);            num++;            num2--;        }    }    else    {        while (num < num2)        {            object obj2 = objArray[num];            objArray[num] = objArray[num2];            objArray[num2] = obj2;            num++;            num2--;        }    }}

 

大致上我能想到的算法就是这么多了,但是我无意间发现了StackOverflow上的一篇帖子,才发现这么一个看似简单的反转算法实现起来真可谓花样繁多。

使用StringBuilder

使用StringBuilder方法大致和ReverseByCharBuffer一样,只不过不使用字符数组做缓存,而是使用StringBuilder。

public static string ReverseByStringBuilder(this string original){    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(original.Length);    for (int i = original.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)    {        sb.Append(original[i]);    }    return sb.ToString();}

当然,你可以预见,这种算法的效率不会比ReverseByCharBuffer要高。

我们可以像使用字符缓存那样,对使用StringBuilder方法进行优化,使其遍历过程也减少一半

public static string ReverseByStringBuilder2(this string original){    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(original);    for (int i = 0, j = original.Length - 1; i <= j; i++, j--)    {        sb[i] = original[j];        sb[j] = original[i];    }    return sb.ToString();}

以上这几种方法按算法角度来说,其实可以归结为一类。然而下面的几种算法就完全不是同一类型的了。

使用栈

栈是一个很神奇的数据结构。我们可以使用它后进先出的特性来对数组进行反转。先将数组所有元素压入栈,然后再取出,顺序很自然地就与原先相反了。

public static string ReverseByStack(this string original){    Stack<char> stack = new Stack<char>();    foreach (char ch in original)    {        stack.Push(ch);    }    char[] c = new char[original.Length];    for (int i = 0; i < original.Length; i++)    {        c[i] = stack.Pop();    }    return new string(c);}

两次循环和栈的开销无疑使这种方法成为目前为止开销最大的方法。但使用栈这个数据结构的想法还是非常有价值的。

使用XOR

使用逻辑异或也可以进行反转

public static string ReverseByXor(this string original){    char[] charArray = original.ToCharArray();    int l = original.Length - 1;    for (int i = 0; i < l; i++, l--)    {        charArray[i] ^= charArray[l];        charArray[l] ^= charArray[i];        charArray[i] ^= charArray[l];    }    return new string(charArray);}

在C#中,x ^= y相当于x = x ^ y。通过3次异或操作,可以将两个字符为止互换。对于算法具体的解释可以参考这篇文章。

使用指针

使用指针可以达到最快的速度,但是unsafe代码不是微软所推荐的,在这里我们就不多做讨论了

public static unsafe string ReverseByPointer(this string original){    fixed (char* pText = original)    {        char* pStart = pText;        char* pEnd = pText + original.Length - 1;        for (int i = original.Length / 2; i >= 0; i--)        {            char temp = *pStart;            *pStart++ = *pEnd;            *pEnd-- = temp;        }        return original;    }}

使用递归

对于反转这类算法,都可以使用递归方法

public static string ReverseByRecursive(this string original){    if (original.Length == 1)        return original;    else        return original.Substring(1).ReverseByRecursive() + original[0];}

使用委托,还可以使代码变得更加简洁

public static string ReverseByRecursive2(this string original){    Func<string, string> f = null;    f = s => s.Length > 0 ? f(s.Substring(1)) + s[0] : string.Empty;    return f(original);}

但是委托开销大的弊病在这里一点也没有减少,以至于我做性能测试的时候导致系统假死甚至内存益处。

使用LINQ

System.Enumerable里提供了默认的Reverse扩展方法,我们可以基于该方法来对String类型进行扩展

public static string ReverseByLinq(this string original){    return new string(original.Reverse().ToArray());}

性能比较

接下来让我们来对以上8种方法的11个扩展方法来进行性能比较。

影响字符串反转算法性能的因素主要就是字符串的长度。让我们分别取1、10、15、25、50、75、100、1000、10000作为字符串长度来进行测试。用下面的方法来随机生成不同长度的字符串

static string GenerateStringByLength(int length){    Random random = new Random();    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)    {        sb.Append(Convert.ToChar(Convert.ToInt32(            Math.Floor(26 * random.NextDouble() + 65))));    }    return sb.ToString();}

用下面的方法来计算时间

static void Benchmark(string description, Func<string> func, int times){    Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch();    sw.Start();    for (int j = 0; j < times; j++)    {        func();    }    sw.Stop();    Debug.WriteLine("{0} Ticks {1} : called {2} times.",         sw.ElapsedTicks, description, times);}

测试的主方法如下

static void Main(string[] args){    // 预热    "abcde".ReverseByArray();    "abcde".ReverseByCharBuffer();    "abcde".ReverseByCharBuffer2();    "abcde".ReverseByLinq();    "abcde".ReverseByPointer();    "abcde".ReverseByRecursive();    "abcde".ReverseByRecursive2();    "abcde".ReverseByStack();    "abcde".ReverseByStringBuilder();    "abcde".ReverseByStringBuilder2();    "abcde".ReverseByXor();    int[] lengths = new int[] { 1, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 100, 1000, 100000 };    foreach (int l in lengths)    {        int iterations = 100;        string text = GenerateStringByLength(l);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByArray (Length: {0})", l),            text.ReverseByArray, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByCharBuffer, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByCharBuffer2, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: {0})", l),            text.ReverseByStringBuilder, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: {0})", l),            text.ReverseByStringBuilder2, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByStack (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByStack, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByXor (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByXor, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByPointer (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByPointer, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByRecursive (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByRecursive, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByRecursive2 (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByRecursive2, iterations);        Benchmark(String.Format("ReverseByLinq (Length: {0})", l),             text.ReverseByLinq, iterations);        Debug.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);    }}

好了,来看看结果吧。(由于递归算法与其他算法的开销不在一个数量级上,因此忽略了对该算法的比较)

197602 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 1) : called 100 times.75773 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 1) : called 100 times.111833 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 1) : called 100 times.134535 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 1) : called 100 times.148598 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 1) : called 100 times.192435 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 1) : called 100 times.63098 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 1) : called 100 times.51945 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 1) : called 100 times.587865 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 1) : called 100 times.185325 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 10) : called 100 times.189712 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 10) : called 100 times.100155 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 10) : called 100 times.216232 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 10) : called 100 times.209497 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 10) : called 100 times.669832 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 10) : called 100 times.163237 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 10) : called 100 times.74303 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 10) : called 100 times.1058348 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 10) : called 100 times.215437 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 15) : called 100 times.206610 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 15) : called 100 times.168180 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 15) : called 100 times.260542 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 15) : called 100 times.296153 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 15) : called 100 times.785857 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 15) : called 100 times.177915 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 15) : called 100 times.84802 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 15) : called 100 times.1113262 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 15) : called 100 times.266167 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 25) : called 100 times.260820 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 25) : called 100 times.236025 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 25) : called 100 times.380408 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 25) : called 100 times.440430 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 25) : called 100 times.1197593 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 25) : called 100 times.262388 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 25) : called 100 times.110453 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 25) : called 100 times.1611900 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 25) : called 100 times.258435 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 50) : called 100 times.474135 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 50) : called 100 times.341655 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 50) : called 100 times.662242 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 50) : called 100 times.587078 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 50) : called 100 times.2116350 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 50) : called 100 times.417375 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 50) : called 100 times.177847 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 50) : called 100 times.9114592 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 50) : called 100 times.270022 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 75) : called 100 times.488647 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 75) : called 100 times.378225 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 75) : called 100 times.1096148 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 75) : called 100 times.772312 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 75) : called 100 times.3069427 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 75) : called 100 times.479092 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 75) : called 100 times.234195 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 75) : called 100 times.3330945 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 75) : called 100 times.319717 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 100) : called 100 times.584857 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 100) : called 100 times.505470 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 100) : called 100 times.1076715 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 100) : called 100 times.942375 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 100) : called 100 times.4390493 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 100) : called 100 times.649725 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 100) : called 100 times.293025 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 100) : called 100 times.6405082 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 100) : called 100 times.3262087 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.5511607 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.9097485 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.10325760 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.18120420 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.40247490 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.6837915 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.2654011 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.84809355 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 1000) : called 100 times.368229982 Ticks ReverseByArray (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.609454380 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.507932685 Ticks ReverseByCharBuffer2 (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.748738972 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.732820133 Ticks ReverseByStringBuilder2 (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.2249140177 Ticks ReverseByStack (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.508241490 Ticks ReverseByXor (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.192039592 Ticks ReverseByPointer (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.2346782325 Ticks ReverseByLinq (Length: 100000) : called 100 times.

整理成表格如下

<iframe src="https://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=tA-odT2SN0D-5c2ggfFPoWw&single=true&gid=0&output=html&widget=true" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="300"></iframe>

绘制成更直观的折线图(由于数量级差别太大,故舍去1000和10000长度的情况)

 技术分享

是的,LINQ方法处理长度为50的数组时,效率比长度为75的数组还要低。我测试了很多次,都是这样的结果,感兴趣的朋友可以深入研究一下。

将耗时明显偏高的LINQ方法和Stack方法去掉,剩下各种算法在时间上的优劣就一目了然了。

技术分享

可见,直接使用指针的效率是最高的。而类库自带的Array.Reverse尽管在面对长度较小的数组时没有明显优势,但面对大数组其算法效率却十分稳定。XOR方法在小数组面前效率很高,但面对大数组就败下阵来。遍历了数组一半元素的CharBuffer2表现优异,无论面对大数组还是小数组,排名都很靠前。

指针方法尽管高效,但其带来的问题也许会很严重,而且面对大数组时Array.Reverse也同样优秀,因此一般情况下还是推荐使用Array.Reverse。当然如果面试官希望你拿出一套不使用类库的高效方案,CharBuffer2将是最佳选择。

当然,你也可以去找一个数组长度的临界点,在临界点以下使用CharBuffer2,在临界点以上使用Array.Reverse。如

public static string Reverse(this string original){    if (original.Length <= 25)        return original.ReverseByCharBuffer2();    else        return original.ReverseByArray();}

希望本文对你有所帮助。

 

转自 http://www.cnblogs.com/kirinboy/archive/2010/04/23/reverse-a-string.html

趣味算法:字符串反转的N种方法(转)