Python基本数据类型

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2024-11-03 16:31:39 205人阅读

运算符

1、算数运算：

以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：

运算符	描述	实例
+	加 - 两个对象相加	a + b 输出结果 30
-	减 - 得到负数或是一个数减去另一个数	a - b 输出结果 -10
*	乘 - 两个数相乘或是返回一个被重复若干次的字符串	a * b 输出结果 200
/	除 - x除以y	b / a 输出结果 2
%	取模 - 返回除法的余数	b % a 输出结果 0
**	幂 - 返回x的y次幂	a**b 输出结果 20
//	取整除 - 返回商的整数部分	9//2 输出结果 4 , 9.0//2.0 输出结果 4.0

2、比较运算：

以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：

运算符	描述	实例
==	等于 - 比较对象是否相等	(a == b) 返回 False。
!=	不等于 - 比较两个对象是否不相等	(a != b) 返回 true.
<>	不等于 - 比较两个对象是否不相等	(a <> b) 返回 true。这个运算符类似 != 。
>	大于 - 返回x是否大于y	(a > b) 返回 False。
<	小于 - 返回x是否小于y。所有比较运算符返回1表示真，返回0表示假。这分别与特殊的变量True和False等价。注意，这些变量名的大写。	(a < b) 返回 true。
>=	大于等于 - 返回x是否大于等于y。	(a >= b) 返回 False。
<=	小于等于 - 返回x是否小于等于y。	(a <= b) 返回 true。

3、赋值运算：

以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：

运算符	描述	实例
=	简单的赋值运算符	c = a + b 将 a + b 的运算结果赋值为 c
+=	加法赋值运算符	c += a 等效于 c = c + a
-=	减法赋值运算符	c -= a 等效于 c = c - a
*=	乘法赋值运算符	c = a 等效于 c = c a
/=	除法赋值运算符	c /= a 等效于 c = c / a
%=	取模赋值运算符	c %= a 等效于 c = c % a
**=	幂赋值运算符	c = a 等效于 c = c a
//=	取整除赋值运算符	c //= a 等效于 c = c // a

4、逻辑运算：

Python语言支持逻辑运算符，以下假设变量a为10，变量b为20：

运算符	描述	实例
and	布尔"与" - 如果x为False，x and y返回False，否则它返回y的计算值。	(a and b) 返回 true。
or	布尔"或" - 如果x是True，它返回True，否则它返回y的计算值。	(a or b) 返回 true。
not	布尔"非" - 如果x为True，返回False。如果x为False，它返回True。	not(a and b) 返回 false。

5、成员运算：

Python支持成员运算符，测试实例中包含了一系列的成员，包括字符串，列表或元组。

运算符	描述	实例
in	如果在指定的序列中找到值返回True，否则返回False。	x 在 y序列中 , 如果x在y序列中返回True。
not in	如果在指定的序列中没有找到值返回True，否则返回False。	x 不在 y序列中 , 如果x不在y序列中返回True。

6、位运算

按位运算符是把数字看作二进制来进行计算的。Python中的按位运算法则如下：

运算符	描述	实例
&	按位与运算符	(a & b) 输出结果 12 ，二进制解释： 0000 1100
\|	按位或运算符	(a \| b) 输出结果 61 ，二进制解释： 0011 1101
^	按位异或运算符	(a ^ b) 输出结果 49 ，二进制解释： 0011 0001
~	按位取反运算符	(~a ) 输出结果 -61 ，二进制解释： 1100 0011，在一个有符号二进制数的补码形式。
<<	左移动运算符	a << 2 输出结果 240 ，二进制解释： 1111 0000
>>	右移动运算符	a >> 2 输出结果 15 ，二进制解释： 0000 1111

以下实例演示了Python所有位运算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100

b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101

c = 0

c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100

print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c

c = a | b; # 61 = 0011 1101

print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c

c = a ^ b; # 49 = 0011 0001

print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c

c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011

print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c

c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000

print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c

c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111

print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

基本数据类型

1、数字

int（整型）

　　在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
　　在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807

  1 class int(object):
  2     """
  3     int(x=0) -> int or long
  4     int(x, base=10) -> int or long
  5     
  6     Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
  7     are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
  8     If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
  9     
 10     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
 11     Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
 12     literal can be preceded by ‘+‘ or ‘-‘ and be surrounded by whitespace.
 13     The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
 14     interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 15     >>> int(‘0b100‘, base=0)
 16     """
 17     def bit_length(self): 
 18         """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
 19         """
 20         int.bit_length() -> int
 21         
 22         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 23         >>> bin(37)
 24         ‘0b100101‘
 25         >>> (37).bit_length()
 26         """
 27         return 0
 28 
 29     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 30         """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
 31         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
 32         pass
 33 
 34     def __abs__(self):
 35         """ 返回绝对值 """
 36         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
 37         pass
 38 
 39     def __add__(self, y):
 40         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 41         pass
 42 
 43     def __and__(self, y):
 44         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
 45         pass
 46 
 47     def __cmp__(self, y): 
 48         """ 比较两个数大小 """
 49         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
 50         pass
 51 
 52     def __coerce__(self, y):
 53         """ 强制生成一个元组 """ 
 54         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
 55         pass
 56 
 57     def __divmod__(self, y): 
 58         """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ 
 59         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def __div__(self, y): 
 63         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
 64         pass
 65 
 66     def __float__(self): 
 67         """ 转换为浮点类型 """ 
 68         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
 69         pass
 70 
 71     def __floordiv__(self, y): 
 72         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
 73         pass
 74 
 75     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 76         pass
 77 
 78     def __getattribute__(self, name): 
 79         """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """
 80         pass
 81 
 82     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 83         """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ 
 84         pass
 85 
 86     def __hash__(self): 
 87         """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
 88         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
 89         pass
 90 
 91     def __hex__(self): 
 92         """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ 
 93         """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
 94         pass
 95 
 96     def __index__(self): 
 97         """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
 98         """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
 99         pass
100 
101     def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
102         """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ 
103         """
104         int(x=0) -> int or long
105         int(x, base=10) -> int or long
106         
107         Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
108         are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
109         If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
110         
111         If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
112         Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
113         literal can be preceded by ‘+‘ or ‘-‘ and be surrounded by whitespace.
114         The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
115         interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
116         >>> int(‘0b100‘, base=0)
117         # (copied from class doc)
118         """
119         pass
120 
121     def __int__(self): 
122         """ 转换为整数 """ 
123         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
124         pass
125 
126     def __invert__(self): 
127         """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
128         pass
129 
130     def __long__(self): 
131         """ 转换为长整数 """ 
132         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
133         pass
134 
135     def __lshift__(self, y): 
136         """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
137         pass
138 
139     def __mod__(self, y): 
140         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
141         pass
142 
143     def __mul__(self, y): 
144         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
145         pass
146 
147     def __neg__(self): 
148         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
149         pass
150 
151     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
152     def __new__(S, *more): 
153         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
154         pass
155 
156     def __nonzero__(self): 
157         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
158         pass
159 
160     def __oct__(self): 
161         """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ 
162         """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
163         pass
164 
165     def __or__(self, y): 
166         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
167         pass
168 
169     def __pos__(self): 
170         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
171         pass
172 
173     def __pow__(self, y, z=None): 
174         """ 幂，次方 """ 
175         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
176         pass
177 
178     def __radd__(self, y): 
179         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
180         pass
181 
182     def __rand__(self, y): 
183         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
184         pass
185 
186     def __rdivmod__(self, y): 
187         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
188         pass
189 
190     def __rdiv__(self, y): 
191         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
192         pass
193 
194     def __repr__(self): 
195         """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
196         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
197         pass
198 
199     def __str__(self): 
200         """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
201         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
202         pass
203 
204     def __rfloordiv__(self, y): 
205         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
206         pass
207 
208     def __rlshift__(self, y): 
209         """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
210         pass
211 
212     def __rmod__(self, y): 
213         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
214         pass
215 
216     def __rmul__(self, y): 
217         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
218         pass
219 
220     def __ror__(self, y): 
221         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
222         pass
223 
224     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): 
225         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
226         pass
227 
228     def __rrshift__(self, y): 
229         """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
230         pass
231 
232     def __rshift__(self, y): 
233         """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
234         pass
235 
236     def __rsub__(self, y): 
237         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
238         pass
239 
240     def __rtruediv__(self, y): 
241         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
242         pass
243 
244     def __rxor__(self, y): 
245         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
246         pass
247 
248     def __sub__(self, y): 
249         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
250         pass
251 
252     def __truediv__(self, y): 
253         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
254         pass
255 
256     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): 
257         """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
258         pass
259 
260     def __xor__(self, y): 
261         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
262         pass
263 
264     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
265     """ 分母 = 1 """
266     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
267 
268     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
269     """ 虚数，无意义 """
270     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
271 
272     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
273     """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
274     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
275 
276     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
277     """ 实属，无意义 """
278     """the real part of a complex number"""
279 
280 int

int

2、布尔值

　　真或假

　　1 或 0

3、字符串

"hello world"

字符串常用功能：

移除空白
分割
长度
索引
切片

Python3中对str（字符串）的使用操作总结

__add__函数 (在后面追加字符串)

s1 =‘Hello‘

s2 = s1.__add__(‘ boy!‘)

print(s2)

#输出：Hello boy!

__contains__（判断是否包含某字符串，包含则返回True）

s1 = ‘Hello‘

result = s1.__contains__(‘He‘)

print(result)

#输出：True

__eq__（判断两个字符串是否相同，相同则返回True）

s1 = ‘Hello‘

s2 = ‘How‘

result = s1.__eq__(s2)

print(result)

#输出：False

__format__

#占位

__getattribute__

#占位

__getitem__

#占位

__getnewargs__

#占位

__ge__ (大于或等于)

print(‘b‘.__ge__(‘a‘))

#输出：True

__gt__(大于)

print(‘b‘.__ge__(‘a‘))

#输出：True

__hash__

#占位

__iter__

#占位

__len__(返回字符串长度)

print(‘abc‘.__len__())

#输出：3

__le__（小于或等于）

print(‘b‘.__le__(‘a‘))

#输出：False

__lt__（小于）

print(‘b‘.__lt__(‘a‘))

#输出：False

__mod__

#占位

__mul__

#占位

__new__

#占位

__ne__

#占位

__repr__

#占位

__rmod__

#占位

__rmul__

#占位

__sizeof__

#占位

__str__(返回自已)

print(‘abc‘.__str__())

#输出：abc

capitalize(首字母大写)

s = ‘tom‘

print(s.capitalize())

#输出：Tom

casefold（大写转换成小写）

s = ‘TOM‘

print(s.casefold())

#输出：tom

center (指定长度和填充字符，内容居中，填充字符留空则为空格)

s = ‘Tom‘

print(s.center(20,‘-‘))

#输出：--------Tom---------

count(计算某个字符串出现的个数，第二个参数：起始位置，第三个参数：结束位置)

s = ‘aabbbcccccdd‘

print(s.count(‘cc‘,3,11))

#输出：2

encode（编码）

s = "中文"

print(s.encode(‘gbk‘))

#输出：b‘\xd6\xd0\xce\xc4‘

endswith（判断字符串是否以某个字符或字符串结尾的，第二个参数：起始位置，第三个参数：结束位置）

s = ‘Projects‘

print(s.endswith(‘ts‘))

print(s.endswith(‘e‘,0,5))

#输出：True

# True

expandtabs（把1个tab键转换成7个空格）

s = ‘H\ti‘

print(s.expandtabs())

#输出：H i

find（查找某个字符或字符串的索引位置，第二个参数：起始位置，第三个参数：结束位置）

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.find(‘o‘))

print(s.find(‘o‘,0,3)) #找不到返回-1

#输出：4

# -1

format(字符串格式化/拼接)

name = ‘Tom‘

age = 18

s = ‘{0}\‘s age is {1}‘.format(name,age)

print(s)

#或者

str = ‘{name}\‘s age is {age}‘

result = str.format(age=18,name=‘Tom‘)

print(result)

#输出：Tom‘s age is 18

format_map

#占位

index（查找某个字符或字符串的索引位置，和find不一样是，如果字符不存在，会报错）

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.index(‘o‘))

print(s.index(‘e‘,0,3))

#输出：4

# 1

isalnum(是否为字母或数字)

s = ‘!#‘

print(s.isalnum())

#输出：False

isalpha(是否为字母)

s = ‘123‘

print(s.isalpha())

#输出：False

isdecimal（是否为十进制数）

s = ‘123‘

print(s.isdecimal())

#输出：True

#True: Unicode数字，，全角数字（双字节）

#False: 罗马数字，汉字数字

#Error: byte数字（单字节）

isdigit（是否为数字）

s = ‘123‘

print(s.isdigit())

#输出：True

#True: Unicode数字，byte数字（单字节），全角数字（双字节），罗马数字

#False: 汉字数字

isidentifier（是否为标识符/变量名）

s = ‘1num‘

print(s.isidentifier())

#输出：False

#因为变量名不能以数字开头

islower（是否全部为小写字母）

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.islower())

#输出：False

isnumeric（是否为数字）

s = ‘123‘

print(s.isnumeric())

#输出：True

#True: Unicode数字，全角数字（双字节），罗马数字，汉字数字

isprintable(是否为可打印字符/能否原样输出)

s = ‘\n‘

print(s.isprintable())

#输出：False

isspace（是否为空格）

print(‘ ‘.isspace())

print(‘\t‘.isspace())

#输出：True

# True

istitle（是否为标题/每个单词首字母大写）

print(‘Hello Boy‘.istitle())

print(‘hello boy‘.istitle())

#输出：True

# False

isupper（是否全部为大写字母）

print(‘BOY‘.isupper())

print(‘Boy‘.isupper())

#输出：True

# False

join(将序列中的元素以指定的字符连接生成一个新的字符串)

s = [‘H‘,‘e‘,‘l‘,‘l‘,‘o‘]

print(‘‘.join(s))

print(‘-‘.join(s))

#输出：Hello

# H-e-l-l-o

ljust(指定长度和填充字符，内容左对齐，填充字符留空则为空格)

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.ljust(10,‘-‘))

#输出：Hello-----

lower（字符串全部换成小写）

s = ‘TOM‘

print(s.lower())

#输出：tom

lstrip(移除字符串左侧指定的字符，默认为空格)

s = ‘ Tom‘

print(s.lstrip())

#输出：Tom

maketrans(创建字符映射的转换表，配合translate函数使用)

intab = "abcde"

outtab = "12345"

trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)

str = "Hello abc"

print (str.translate(trantab))

#输出：H5llo 123

partition（指定分隔符，将字符串进行分割）

s = ‘IamTom‘

print(s.partition(‘am‘))

#输出：(‘I‘, ‘am‘, ‘Tom‘)

replace(把字符串中的 old（旧字符串）替换成 new(新字符串)，如果指定第三个参数max，则替换不超过 max 次。)

s = ‘Tom‘

print(s.replace(‘m‘,‘o‘))

#输出：Too

rfind(从右边查找指定字符串出现的位置，如果没有匹配项则返回-1)

s = ‘one two one‘

print(s.rfind(‘one‘))

print(s.rfind(‘one‘,0,6)) #指定起始和结束位置

#输出：8

# 0

rindex(从右边查找指定字符串出现的位置，如果没有匹配项则报错)

s = ‘one two one‘

print(s.rindex(‘one‘))

print(s.rindex(‘one‘,0,6)) #指定起始和结束位置

#输出：8

# 0

rjust(指定长度和填充字符，内容右对齐，填充字符留空则为空格)

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.rjust(10,‘-‘))

#输出：-----Hello

rpartition（指定分隔符，从右边开始将字符串进行分割）

s = ‘IamTom_IamTom‘

print(s.rpartition(‘am‘))

#输出：(‘IamTom_I‘, ‘am‘, ‘Tom‘)

rsplit(指定分隔符对字符串进行切片，如果指定第二个参数num，则只分隔num次，最后返回一个列表)

s = ‘a b c d‘

print(s.rsplit())

print(s.rsplit(‘ ‘,2)) #从右边开始，按空格分隔两次

#输出：[‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘, ‘d‘]

# [‘a b‘, ‘c‘, ‘d‘]

rstrip(删除字符串末尾的指定字符，默认为空格)

s = ‘!!! I am Tom !!!‘

print(s.rstrip(‘!‘))

#输出：!!! I am Tom

split(指定分隔符对字符串进行切片，如果指定第二个参数num，则只分隔num次，最后返回一个列表)

s = ‘a b c d‘

print(s.split())

print(s.split(‘ ‘,2)) #从左边开始，按空格分隔两次

#输出：[‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘, ‘d‘]

# [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c d‘]

splitlines(按换行符来分隔字符串，返回一个列表)

s = ‘a\nb\nc‘

print(s.splitlines()) #默认参数为False

print(s.splitlines(True)) #指定Ture参数，则保留换行符

#输出：[‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘]

# [‘a\n‘, ‘b\n‘, ‘c‘]

startswith（判断字符串是否以某个字符或字符串开头的，第二个参数：起始位置，第三个参数：结束位置）

s = ‘Projects‘

print(s.startswith(‘Pr‘))

print(s.startswith(‘e‘,4,8))

#输出：True

# True

strip(删除字符串前后的指定字符，默认为空格)

s = ‘!!! I am Tom !!!‘

print(s.strip(‘!‘))

#输出： I am Tom

swapcase（大小写互换）

s = ‘I am Tom‘

print(s.swapcase())

#输出：i AM tOM

title(转换成标题，就是每个单词首字母大写)

s = ‘i am tom‘

print(s.title())

#输出：I Am Tom

translate（根据maketrans方法创建的表，进行字符替换）

intab = "abcde"

outtab = "12345"

trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)

str = "Hello abc"

print (str.translate(trantab))

#输出：H5llo 123

upper(小写转换成大写)

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.upper())

#输出：HELLO

zfill(指定字符串的长度。原字符串右对齐，前面填充0)

s = ‘Hello‘

print(s.zfill(10))

# 输出：00000Hello

  1 class str(basestring):
  2     """
  3     str(object=‘‘) -> string
  4     
  5     Return a nice string representation of the object.
  6     If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
  7     """
  8     def capitalize(self):  
  9         """ 首字母变大写 """
 10         """
 11         S.capitalize() -> string
 12         
 13         Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
 14         capitalized.
 15         """
 16         return ""
 17 
 18     def center(self, width, fillchar=None):  
 19         """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
 20         """
 21         S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 22         
 23         Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
 24         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 25         """
 26         return ""
 27 
 28     def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
 29         """ 子序列个数 """
 30         """
 31         S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 32         
 33         Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
 34         string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 35         as in slice notation.
 36         """
 37         return 0
 38 
 39     def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  
 40         """ 解码 """
 41         """
 42         S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 43         
 44         Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 45         to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 46         handling scheme. Default is ‘strict‘ meaning that encoding errors raise
 47         a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are ‘ignore‘ and ‘replace‘
 48         as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
 49         able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 50         """
 51         return object()
 52 
 53     def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  
 54         """ 编码，针对unicode """
 55         """
 56         S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 57         
 58         Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 59         to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 60         handling scheme. Default is ‘strict‘ meaning that encoding errors raise
 61         a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are ‘ignore‘, ‘replace‘ and
 62         ‘xmlcharrefreplace‘ as well as any other name registered with
 63         codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
 64         """
 65         return object()
 66 
 67     def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):  
 68         """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
 69         """
 70         S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 71         
 72         Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 73         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 74         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 75         suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 76         """
 77         return False
 78 
 79     def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):  
 80         """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
 81         """
 82         S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
 83         
 84         Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 85         If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 86         """
 87         return ""
 88 
 89     def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
 90         """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1 """
 91         """
 92         S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 93         
 94         Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
 95         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 96         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 97         
 98         Return -1 on failure.
 99         """
100         return 0
101 
102     def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
103         """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
104         """
105         S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
106         
107         Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
108         The substitutions are identified by braces (‘{‘ and ‘}‘).
109         """
110         pass
111 
112     def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
113         """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，报错 """
114         S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
115         
116         Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
117         """
118         return 0
119 
120     def isalnum(self):  
121         """ 是否是字母和数字 """
122         """
123         S.isalnum() -> bool
124         
125         Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
126         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
127         """
128         return False
129 
130     def isalpha(self):  
131         """ 是否是字母 """
132         """
133         S.isalpha() -> bool
134         
135         Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
136         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
137         """
138         return False
139 
140     def isdigit(self):  
141         """ 是否是数字 """
142         """
143         S.isdigit() -> bool
144         
145         Return True if all characters in S are digits
146         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
147         """
148         return False
149 
150     def islower(self):  
151         """ 是否小写 """
152         """
153         S.islower() -> bool
154         
155         Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
156         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
157         """
158         return False
159 
160     def isspace(self):  
161         """
162         S.isspace() -> bool
163         
164         Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
165         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
166         """
167         return False
168 
169     def istitle(self):  
170         """
171         S.istitle() -> bool
172         
173         Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
174         character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
175         characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
176         otherwise.
177         """
178         return False
179 
180     def isupper(self):  
181         """
182         S.isupper() -> bool
183         
184         Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
185         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
186         """
187         return False
188 
189     def join(self, iterable):  
190         """ 连接 """
191         """
192         S.join(iterable) -> string
193         
194         Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
195         iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
196         """
197         return ""
198 
199     def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):  
200         """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
201         """
202         S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
203         
204         Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
205         done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
206         """
207         return ""
208 
209     def lower(self):  
210         """ 变小写 """
211         """
212         S.lower() -> string
213         
214         Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
215         """
216         return ""
217 
218     def lstrip(self, chars=None):  
219         """ 移除左侧空白 """
220         """
221         S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
222         
223         Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
224         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
225         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
226         """
227         return ""
228 
229     def partition(self, sep):  
230         """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
231         """
232         S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
233         
234         Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
235         the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
236         found, return S and two empty strings.
237         """
238         pass
239 
240     def replace(self, old, new, count=None):  
241         """ 替换 """
242         """
243         S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
244         
245         Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
246         old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
247         given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
248         """
249         return ""
250 
251     def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
252         """
253         S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
254         
255         Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
256         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
257         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
258         
259         Return -1 on failure.
260         """
261         return 0
262 
263     def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
264         """
265         S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
266         
267         Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
268         """
269         return 0
270 
271     def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):  
272         """
273         S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
274         
275         Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
276         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
277         """
278         return ""
279 
280     def rpartition(self, sep):  
281         """
282         S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
283         
284         Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
285         the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
286         separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
287         """
288         pass
289 
290     def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  
291         """
292         S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
293         
294         Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
295         delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
296         to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
297         done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
298         is a separator.
299         """
300         return []
301 
302     def rstrip(self, chars=None):  
303         """
304         S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
305         
306         Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
307         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
308         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
309         """
310         return ""
311 
312     def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  
313         """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
314         """
315         S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
316         
317         Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
318         delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
319         splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
320         whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
321         from the result.
322         """
323         return []
324 
325     def splitlines(self, keepends=False):  
326         """ 根据换行分割 """
327         """
328         S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
329         
330         Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
331         Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
332         is given and true.
333         """
334         return []
335 
336     def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):  
337         """ 是否起始 """
338         """
339         S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
340         
341         Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
342         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
343         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
344         prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
345         """
346         return False
347 
348     def strip(self, chars=None):  
349         """ 移除两段空白 """
350         """
351         S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
352         
353         Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
354         whitespace removed.
355         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
356         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
357         """
358         return ""
359 
360     def swapcase(self):  
361         """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
362         """
363         S.swapcase() -> string
364         
365         Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
366         converted to lowercase and vice versa.
367         """
368         return ""
369 
370     def title(self):  
371         """
372         S.title() -> string
373         
374         Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
375         characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
376         """
377         return ""
378 
379     def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):  
380         """
381         转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
382         intab = "aeiou"
383         outtab = "12345"
384         trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
385         str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
386         print str.translate(trantab, ‘xm‘)
387         """
388 
389         """
390         S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
391         
392         Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
393         in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
394         remaining characters have been mapped through the given
395         translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
396         If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
397         the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
398         """
399         return ""
400 
401     def upper(self):  
402         """
403         S.upper() -> string
404         
405         Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
406         """
407         return ""
408 
409     def zfill(self, width):  
410         """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
411         """
412         S.zfill(width) -> string
413         
414         Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
415         of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
416         """
417         return ""
418 
419     def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
420         pass
421 
422     def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
423         pass
424 
425     def __add__(self, y):  
426         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
427         pass
428 
429     def __contains__(self, y):  
430         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
431         pass
432 
433     def __eq__(self, y):  
434         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
435         pass
436 
437     def __format__(self, format_spec):  
438         """
439         S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
440         
441         Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
442         """
443         return ""
444 
445     def __getattribute__(self, name):  
446         """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """
447         pass
448 
449     def __getitem__(self, y):  
450         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
451         pass
452 
453     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
454         pass
455 
456     def __getslice__(self, i, j):  
457         """
458         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
459                    
460                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
461         """
462         pass
463 
464     def __ge__(self, y):  
465         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
466         pass
467 
468     def __gt__(self, y):  
469         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
470         pass
471 
472     def __hash__(self):  
473         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
474         pass
475 
476     def __init__(self, string=‘‘): # known special case of str.__init__
477         """
478         str(object=‘‘) -> string
479         
480         Return a nice string representation of the object.
481         If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
482         # (copied from class doc)
483         """
484         pass
485 
486     def __len__(self):  
487         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
488         pass
489 
490     def __le__(self, y):  
491         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
492         pass
493 
494     def __lt__(self, y):  
495         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
496         pass
497 
498     def __mod__(self, y):  
499         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
500         pass
501 
502     def __mul__(self, n):  
503         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
504         pass
505 
506     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
507     def __new__(S, *more):  
508         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
509         pass
510 
511     def __ne__(self, y):  
512         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
513         pass
514 
515     def __repr__(self):  
516         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
517         pass
518 
519     def __rmod__(self, y):  
520         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
521         pass
522 
523     def __rmul__(self, n):  
524         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
525         pass
526 
527     def __sizeof__(self):  
528         """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
529         pass
530 
531     def __str__(self):  
532         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
533         pass
534 
535 str

str

4、列表

创建列表：

name_list = [‘alex‘, ‘seven‘, ‘eric‘]
或
name_list ＝ list([‘alex‘, ‘seven‘, ‘eric‘])

基本操作：

索引
切片
追加
删除
长度
切片
循环
包含

列表操作包含以下方法:
1、list.append(obj)：在列表末尾添加新的对象
2、list.count(obj)：统计某个元素在列表中出现的次数
3、list.extend(seq)：在列表末尾一次性追加另一个序列中的多个值（用新列表扩展原来的列表）
4、list.index(obj)：从列表中找出某个值第一个匹配项的索引位置
5、list.insert(index, obj)：将对象插入列表
6、list.pop(obj=list[-1])：移除列表中的一个元素（默认最后一个元素），并且返回该元素的值
7、list.remove(obj)：移除列表中某个值的第一个匹配项
8、list.reverse()：反向列表中元素
9、list.sort([func])：对原列表进行排序

  1 class list(object):
  2     """
  3     list() -> new empty list
  4     list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable‘s items
  5     """
  6     def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  7         """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
  8         pass
  9 
 10     def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 11         """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
 12         return 0
 13 
 14     def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 15         """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
 16         pass
 17 
 18     def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 19         """
 20         L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 21         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 22         """
 23         return 0
 24 
 25     def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 26         """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
 27         pass
 28 
 29     def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 30         """
 31         L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
 32         Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
 33         """
 34         pass
 35 
 36     def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 37         """
 38         L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
 39         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 40         """
 41         pass
 42 
 43     def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 44         """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
 45         pass
 46 
 47     def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 48         """
 49         L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
 50         cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
 51         """
 52         pass
 53 
 54     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 55         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 56         pass
 57 
 58     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 59         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 63         """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
 64         pass
 65 
 66     def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 67         """
 68         x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
 69                    
 70                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
 71         """
 72         pass
 73 
 74     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 75         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
 76         pass
 77 
 78     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 79         """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """
 80         pass
 81 
 82     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 83         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
 84         pass
 85 
 86     def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 87         """
 88         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 89                    
 90                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
 91         """
 92         pass
 93 
 94     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 95         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
 96         pass
 97 
 98     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 99         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
100         pass
101 
102     def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
103         """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
104         pass
105 
106     def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
107         """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
108         pass
109 
110     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
111         """
112         list() -> new empty list
113         list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable‘s items
114         # (copied from class doc)
115         """
116         pass
117 
118     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
119         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
120         pass
121 
122     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
123         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
124         pass
125 
126     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
127         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
128         pass
129 
130     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
131         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
132         pass
133 
134     def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
135         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
136         pass
137 
138     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
139     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
140         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
141         pass
142 
143     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
144         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
145         pass
146 
147     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
148         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
149         pass
150 
151     def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
152         """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
153         pass
154 
155     def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
156         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
157         pass
158 
159     def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
160         """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
161         pass
162 
163     def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
164         """
165         x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
166                    
167                    Use  of negative indices is not supported.
168         """
169         pass
170 
171     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
172         """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
173         pass
174 
175     __hash__ = None
176 
177 list

list

5、元祖

创建元祖：

1 person = {"name": "mr.wu", ‘age‘: 18}
2 或
3 person = dict({"name": "mr.wu", ‘age‘: 18})

基本操作：

索引
切片
循环
长度
包含

lass tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable‘s items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable‘s items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass

tuple

tuple

6、字典（无序）

创建字典：

1 person = {"name": "mr.wu", ‘age‘: 18}
2 或
3 person = dict({"name": "mr.wu", ‘age‘: 18})

常用操作：

索引
新增
删除
键、值、键值对
循环
长度

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object‘s
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
        v defaults to None.
        """
        pass

    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass

    def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 是否有key """
        """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项的列表形式 """
        """ D.items() -> list of D‘s (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
        return []

    def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 项可迭代 """
        """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
        pass

    def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ key可迭代 """
        """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
        pass

    def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ value可迭代 """
        """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
        pass

    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的key列表 """
        """ D.keys() -> list of D‘s keys """
        return []

    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass

    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass

    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass

    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """ 更新
            {‘name‘:‘alex‘, ‘age‘: 18000}
            [(‘name‘,‘sbsbsb‘),]
        """
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]

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