var objectRef = new Object(); //create a generic javascript object.

objectRef.testNumber = 5;
/* - or:- */
objectRef["testNumber"] = 5;

objectRef.testNumber = 8;
/* - or:- */
objectRef["testNumber"] = 8;

/* Assign a value to a named property. If the object does not have a
   property with the corresponding name prior to the assignment it
   will have one after it:-
*/
objectRef.testNumber = 8;

/* Read the value back from the property:- */

var val = objectRef.testNumber;
/* and  - val - now holds the value 8 that was just assigned to the
   named property of the object. */
   

var objectRef = new Object(); //create a generic javascript object.

/* A "constructor" function for creating objects of a -
   MyObject1 - type.
*/
function MyObject1(formalParameter){
    /* Give the constructed object a property called - testNumber - and
       assign it the value passed to the constructor as its first
       argument:-
    */
    this.testNumber = formalParameter;
}

/* A "constructor" function for creating objects of a -
   MyObject2 - type:-
*/
function MyObject2(formalParameter){
   /* Give the constructed object a property called - testString -
      and assign it the value passed to the constructor as its first
      argument:-
    */
    this.testString = formalParameter;
}

/* The next operation replaces the default prototype associated with
   all MyObject2 instances with an instance of MyObject1, passing the
   argument - 8 - to the MyObject1 constructor so that its -
   testNumber - property will be set to that value:-
*/
MyObject2.prototype = new MyObject1( 8 );

/* Finally, create an instance of - MyObject2 - and assign a reference
   to that object to the variable - objectRef - passing a string as the
   first argument for the constructor:-
*/

var objectRef = new MyObject2( "String_Value" );

var val = objectRef.testString;

var val = objectRef.testNumber;

var val = objectRef.toString;

var val = objectRef.madeUpProperty;

function exampleFunction(formalParameter){
    ...   // function body code
}

var exampleFuncRef = function(){
    ...   // function body code
}

function exampleOuterFunction(formalParameter){
    function exampleInnerFuncitonDec(){
        ... // inner function body
    }
    ...  // the rest of the outer function body.
}

exampleOuterFunction( 5 );

/* create a global variable - y - that refers to an object:- */
var y = {x:5}; // object literal with an - x - property
function exampleFuncWith(){
    var z;
    /* Add the object referred to by the global variable - y - to the
       front of he scope chain:-
    */
    with(y){
        /* evaluate a function expression to create a function object
           and assign a reference to that function object to the local
           variable - z - :-
        */
        z = function(){
            ... // inner function expression body;
        }
    }
    ... 
}

/* execute the - exampleFuncWith - function:- */
exampleFuncWith();

function exampleClosureForm(arg1, arg2){
    var localVar = 8;
    function exampleReturned(innerArg){
        return ((arg1 + arg2)/(innerArg + localVar));
    }
    /* return a reference to the inner function defined as -
       exampleReturned -:-
    */
    return exampleReturned;
}

var globalVar = exampleClosureForm(2, 4);

var secondGlobalVar = exampleClosureForm(12, 3);

function callLater(paramA, paramB, paramC){
    /* Return a reference to an anonymous inner function created
       with a function expression:-
    */
    return (function(){
        /* This inner function is to be executed with - setTimeout
           - and when it is executed it can read, and act upon, the
           parameters passed to the outer function:-
        */
        paramA[paramB] = paramC;
    });
}

...

/* Call the function that will return a reference to the inner function
   object created in its execution context. Passing the parameters that
   the inner function will use when it is eventually executed as
   arguments to the outer function. The returned reference to the inner
   function object is assigned to a local variable:-
*/
var functRef = callLater(elStyle, "display", "none");
/* Call the setTimeout function, passing the reference to the inner
   function assigned to the - functRef - variable as the first argument:-
*/
hideMenu=setTimeout(functRef, 500);

/* A general function that associates an object instance with an event
   handler. The returned inner function is used as the event handler.
   The object instance is passed as the - obj - parameter and the name
   of the method that is to be called on that object is passed as the -
   methodName - (string) parameter.
*/
function associateObjWithEvent(obj, methodName){
    /* The returned inner function is intended to act as an event
       handler for a DOM element:-
    */
    return (function(e){
        /* The event object that will have been parsed as the - e -
           parameter on DOM standard browsers is normalised to the IE
           event object if it has not been passed as an argument to the
           event handling inner function:-
        */
        e = e||window.event;
        /* The event handler calls a method of the object - obj - with
           the name held in the string - methodName - passing the now
           normalised event object and a reference to the element to
           which the event handler has been assigned using the - this -
           (which works because the inner function is executed as a
           method of that element because it has been assigned as an
           event handler):-
        */
        return obj[methodName](e, this);
    });
}

/* This constructor function creates objects that associates themselves
   with DOM elements whose IDs are passed to the constructor as a
   string. The object instances want to arrange than when the
   corresponding element triggers onclick, onm ouseover and onm ouseout
   events corresponding methods are called on their object instance.
*/
function DhtmlObject(elementId){
    /* A function is called that retrieves a reference to the DOM
       element (or null if it cannot be found) with the ID of the
       required element passed as its argument. The returned value
       is assigned to the local variable - el -:-
    */
    var el = getElementWithId(elementId);
    /* The value of - el - is internally type-converted to boolean for
       the - if - statement so that if it refers to an object the
       result will be true, and if it is null the result false. So that
       the following block is only executed if the - el - variable
       refers to a DOM element:-
    */
    if(el){
        /* To assign a function as the element‘s event handler this
           object calls the - associateObjWithEvent - function
           specifying itself (with the - this - keyword) as the object
           on which a method is to be called and providing the name of
           the method that is to be called. The - associateObjWithEvent
           - function will return a reference to an inner function that
           is assigned to the event handler of the DOM element. That
           inner function will call the required method on the
           javascript object when it is executed in response to
           events:-
        */
        el.onclick = associateObjWithEvent(this, "doOnClick");
        el.onmouseover = associateObjWithEvent(this, "doMouseOver");
        el.onmouseout = associateObjWithEvent(this, "doMouseOut");
        ...
    }
}
DhtmlObject.prototype.doOnClick = function(event, element){
    ... // doOnClick method body.
}
DhtmlObject.prototype.doMouseOver = function(event, element){
    ... // doMouseOver method body.
}
DhtmlObject.prototype.doMouseOut = function(event, element){
    ... // doMouseOut method body.
}

/* A global variable - getImgInPositionedDivHtml - is declared and
   assigned the value of an inner function expression returned from
   a one-time call to an outer function expression.

   That inner function returns a string of HTML that represents an
   absolutely positioned DIV wrapped round an IMG element, such that
   all of the variable attribute values are provided as parameters
   to the function call:-
*/
var getImgInPositionedDivHtml = (function(){
    /* The - buffAr - Array is assigned to a local variable of the
       outer function expression. It is only created once and that one
       instance of the array is available to the inner function so that
       it can be used on each execution of that inner function.

       Empty strings are used as placeholders for the date that is to
       be inserted into the Array by the inner function:-
    */
    var buffAr = [
        ‘<div id="‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 1, DIV ID attribute
        ‘" style="position:absolute;top:‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 3, DIV top position
        ‘px;left:‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 5, DIV left position
        ‘px;width:‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 7, DIV width
        ‘px;height:‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 9, DIV height
        ‘px;overflow:hidden;\"><img src=http://www.mamicode.com/"‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 11, IMG URL
        ‘\" width=\"‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 13, IMG width
        ‘\" height=\"‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 15, IMG height
        ‘\" alt=\"‘,
        ‘‘,   //index 17, IMG alt text
        ‘\"><\/div>‘
    ];
    /* Return the inner function object that is the result of the
       evaluation of a function expression. It is this inner function
       object that will be executed on each call to -
       getImgInPositionedDivHtml( ... ) -:-
    */
    return (function(url, id, width, height, top, left, altText){
        /* Assign the various parameters to the corresponding
           locations in the buffer array:-
        */
        buffAr[1] = id;
        buffAr[3] = top;
        buffAr[5] = left;
        buffAr[13] = (buffAr[7] = width);
        buffAr[15] = (buffAr[9] = height);
        buffAr[11] = url;
        buffAr[17] = altText;
        /* Return the string created by joining each element in the
           array using an empty string (which is the same as just
           joining the elements together):-
        */
        return buffAr.join(‘‘);
    }); //:End of inner function expression.
})();
/*^^- :The inline execution of the outer function expression. */

/* Define the global variable that is to have its value added to the
   - href - of a link as a query string by the following function:-
*/
var quantaty = 5;
/* When a link passed to this function (as the argument to the function
   call - linkRef -) an onclick event handler is added to the link that
   will add the value of a global variable - quantaty - to the - href -
   of that link as a query string, then return true so that the link
   will navigate to the resource specified by the - href - which will
   by then include the assigned query string:-
*/
function addGlobalQueryOnClick(linkRef){
    /* If the - linkRef - parameter can be type converted to true
       (which it will if it refers to an object):-
    */
    if(linkRef){
        /* Evaluate a function expression and assign a reference to the
           function object that is created by the evaluation of the
           function expression to the onclick handler of the link
           element:-
        */
        linkRef.onclick = function(){
            /* This inner function expression adds the query string to
               the - href - of the element to which it is attached as
               an event handler:-
            */
            this.href += (‘?quantaty=‘+escape(quantaty));
            return true;
        };
    }
}

/* Define the global variable that is to have its value added to the
   - href - of a link as a query string by the following function:-
*/
var quantaty = 5;

/* When a link passed to this function (as the argument to the function
   call - linkRef -) an onclick event handler is added to the link that
   will add the value of a global variable - quantaty - to the - href -
   of that link as a query string, then return true so that the link
   will navigate to the resource specified by the - href - which will
   by then include the assigned query string:-
*/
function addGlobalQueryOnClick(linkRef){
    /* If the - linkRef - parameter can be type converted to true
       (which it will if it refers to an object):-
    */
    if(linkRef){
        /* Assign a reference to a global function to the event
           handling property of the link so that it becomes the
           element‘s event handler:-
        */
        linkRef.onclick = forAddQueryOnClick;
    }
}
/* A global function declaration for a function that is intended to act
   as an event handler for a link element, adding the value of a global
   variable to the - href - of an element as an event handler:-
*/
function forAddQueryOnClick(){
    this.href += (‘?quantaty=‘+escape(quantaty));
    return true;
}

unction ExampleConst(param){
    /* Create methods of the object by evaluating function expressions
       and assigning references to the resulting function objects
       to the properties of the object being created:-
    */
    this.method1 = function(){
        ... // method body.
    };
    this.method2 = function(){
        ... // method body.
    };
    this.method3 = function(){
        ... // method body.
    };
    /* Assign the constructor‘s parameter to a property of the object:-
    */
    this.publicProp = param;
}

function ExampleConst(param){
    /* Assign the constructor‘s parameter to a property of the object:-
    */
    this.publicProp = param;
}
/* Create methods for the objects by evaluating function expressions
   and assigning references to the resulting function objects to the
   properties of the constructor‘s prototype:-
*/
ExampleConst.prototype.method1 = function(){
    ... // method body.
};
ExampleConst.prototype.method2 = function(){
    ... // method body.
};
ExampleConst.prototype.method3 = function(){
    ... // method body.
};