1 oracle常用经典SQL查询    2 常用SQL查询：   3     4 1、查看表空间的名称及大小   5     6 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size   7 from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d   8 where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name   9 group by t.tablespace_name;  10    11 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小  12    13 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,  14 round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space  15 from dba_data_files  16 order by tablespace_name;  17    18 3、查看回滚段名称及大小  19    20 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,   21 (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,   22 max_extents, v.curext CurExtent  23 From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v  24 Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)  25 order by segment_name;  26    27 4、查看控制文件  28    29 select name from v$controlfile;  30    31 5、查看日志文件  32    33 select member from v$logfile;  34    35 6、查看表空间的使用情况  36    37 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name   38 from dba_free_space  39 group by tablespace_name;  40    41 SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,  42 (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"  43 FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C  44 WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;   45    46 7、查看数据库库对象  47    48 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;  49    50 8、查看数据库的版本　  51    52 Select version FROM Product_component_version   53 Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)=‘Oracle‘;  54    55 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式  56    57 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;   58    59 10、捕捉运行很久的SQL  60    61 column username format a12   62 column opname format a16   63 column progress format a8   64    65 select username,sid,opname,   66       round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || ‘%‘ as progress,   67       time_remaining,sql_text   68 from v$session_longops , v$sql   69 where time_remaining <> 0   70 and sql_address = address   71 and sql_hash_value = hash_value   72 /  73 11。查看数据表的参数信息  74 SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,  75         pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,  76         next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,  77         freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,  78         empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,  79         last_analyzed  80    FROM dba_tab_partitions  81   --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner  82 ORDER BY partition_position  83    84 12.查看还没提交的事务  85 select * from v$locked_object;  86 select * from v$transaction;  87    88 13。查找object为哪些进程所用  89 select   90 p.spid,  91 s.sid,  92 s.serial# serial_num,  93 s.username user_name,  94 a.type  object_type,  95 s.osuser os_user_name,  96 a.owner,  97 a.object object_name,  98 decode(sign(48 - command),  99 1, 100 to_char(command), ‘Action Code #‘ || to_char(command) ) action, 101 p.program oracle_process, 102 s.terminal terminal, 103 s.program program, 104 s.status session_status    105 from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p    106 where s.paddr = p.addr and 107      s.type = ‘USER‘ and     108      a.sid = s.sid   and 109   a.object=‘SUBSCRIBER_ATTR‘ 110 order by s.username, s.osuser 111   112 14。回滚段查看 113 select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents  114 Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,  115 v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,  116 sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,  117 v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and  118 v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum 119   120 15。耗资源的进程（top session） 121 select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1,  122 to_char(command), ‘Action Code #‘ || to_char(command) ) action,    status  123 session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,    124 nvl(s.username, ‘[Oracle process]‘) user_name,   s.terminal terminal,     125 s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p    126 where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number(‘38‘) and   (‘ALL‘ = ‘ALL‘  127 or s.status = ‘ALL‘) and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc 128   129 16。查看锁（lock）情况 130 select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,    131 decode(ls.type, ‘RW‘, ‘Row wait enqueue lock‘, ‘TM‘, ‘DML enqueue lock‘, ‘TX‘,  132 ‘Transaction enqueue lock‘, ‘UL‘, ‘User supplied lock‘) lock_type,    133 o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, ‘Row Share‘, 3,  134 ‘Row Exclusive‘, 4, ‘Share‘, 5, ‘Share Row Exclusive‘, 6, ‘Exclusive‘, null)  135 lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2     136 from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,      137 l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,      138 v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner  139 <> ‘SYS‘   order by o.owner, o.object_name 140   141 17。查看等待（wait）情况 142 SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value  143 FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN (‘db block gets‘,  144 ‘consistent gets‘) group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count 145   146 18。查看sga情况 147 SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC 148   149 19。查看catched object 150 SELECT owner,              name,              db_link,              namespace,   151            type,              sharable_mem,              loads,              executions,    152           locks,              pins,              kept        FROM v$db_object_cache 153            154 20。查看V$SQLAREA 155 SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,  156 VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,  157 USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS, 158 BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA 159   160 21。查看object分类数量 161 select decode (o.type#,1,‘INDEX‘ , 2,‘TABLE‘ , 3 , ‘CLUSTER‘ , 4, ‘VIEW‘ , 5 ,  162 ‘SYNONYM‘ , 6 , ‘SEQUENCE‘ , ‘OTHER‘ ) object_type , count(*) quantity from  163 sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,‘INDEX‘ , 2,‘TABLE‘ , 3  164 , ‘CLUSTER‘ , 4, ‘VIEW‘ , 5 , ‘SYNONYM‘ , 6 , ‘SEQUENCE‘ , ‘OTHER‘ ) union select  165 ‘COLUMN‘ , count(*) from sys.col$ union select ‘DB LINK‘ , count(*) from  166   167 22。按用户查看object种类 168 select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,    169 sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))  170 clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,  171 NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,    172 sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))  173 others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# =  174 o.owner# and   u.name <> ‘PUBLIC‘   group by u.name    order by  175 sys.link$ union select ‘CONSTRAINT‘ , count(*) from sys.con$ 176   177 23。有关connection的相关信息 178 1）查看有哪些用户连接 179 select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 180 ‘Action Code #‘ || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,      181 status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,     182 s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    ‘‘ query,     183 0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num     184 from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = ‘USER‘   185 order by s.username, s.osuser 186 2）根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况 187 select n.name,  188  v.value,  189  n.class, 190  n.statistic#   191 from  v$statname n,  192  v$sesstat v  193 where v.sid = 71 and  194  v.statistic# = n.statistic#  195 order by n.class, n.statistic# 196 3）根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql 197 select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */ 198  command_type,  199  sql_text,  200  sharable_mem,  201  persistent_mem,  202  runtime_mem,  203  sorts,  204  version_count,  205  loaded_versions,  206  open_versions,  207  users_opening,  208  executions,  209  users_executing,  210  loads,  211  first_load_time,  212  invalidations,  213  parse_calls,  214  disk_reads,  215  buffer_gets,  216  rows_processed, 217  sysdate start_time, 218  sysdate finish_time, 219  ‘>‘ || address sql_address, 220  ‘N‘ status  221 from v$sqlarea 222 where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71) 223   224 24．查询表空间使用情况 225 select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称", 226 100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)", 227 round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)", 228 round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)", 229 round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)", 230 Largest "最大扩展段(M)", 231 to_char(sysdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) "采样时间"  232 from  (select f.tablespace_name, 233    sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc, 234    sum(decode(f.autoextensible,‘YES‘,f.maxbytes,‘NO‘,f.bytes)) maxbytes  235 from dba_data_files f  236 group by tablespace_name) a, 237 (select  f.tablespace_name, 238     sum(f.bytes) bytes_free  239 from dba_free_space f  240 group by tablespace_name) b, 241 (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest, 242    ts.name tablespace_name  243 from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts  244 where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#  245 group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c  246 where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name 247   248 25. 查询表空间的碎片程度  249   250 select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name  251 having count(tablespace_name)>10;  252   253 alter tablespace name coalesce;  254 alter table name deallocate unused;  255   256 create or replace view ts_blocks_v as  257 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,‘free space‘ segment_name from dba_free_space  258 union all  259 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;  260   261 select * from ts_blocks_v;  262   263 select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space  264 group by tablespace_name; 265   266 26。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行 267 select inst_name from v$active_instances; 268   269 =========================================================== 270 ######### 创建数据库----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############  271   272 create database db01  273 maxlogfiles 10  274 maxdatafiles 1024  275 maxinstances 2  276 logfile  277 GROUP 1 (‘/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo‘) SIZE 15M,  278 GROUP 2 (‘/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo‘) SIZE 15M,  279 GROUP 3 (‘/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo‘) SIZE 15M,  280 datafile ‘u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf‘) SIZE 100M,  281 undo tablespace UNDO  282 datafile ‘/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf‘ SIZE 40M  283 default temporary tablespace TEMP  284 tempfile ‘/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf‘ SIZE 20M  285 extent management local uniform size 128k  286 character set AL32UTE8  287 national character set AL16UTF16  288 set time_zone=‘America/New_York‘;  289   290 ############### 数据字典 ##########  291   292 set wrap off  293   294 select * from v$dba_users;  295   296 grant select on table_name to user/rule;  297   298 select * from user_tables;  299   300 select * from all_tables;  301   302 select * from dba_tables;  303   304 revoke dba from user_name;  305   306 shutdown immediate  307   308 startup nomount  309   310 select * from v$instance;  311   312 select * from v$sga;  313   314 select * from v$tablespace;  315   316 alter session set nls_language=american;  317   318 alter database mount;  319   320 select * from v$database;  321   322 alter database open;  323   324 desc dictionary  325   326 select * from dict;  327   328 desc v$fixed_table;  329   330 select * from v$fixed_table;  331   332 set oracle_sid=foxconn  333   334 select * from dba_objects;  335   336 set serveroutput on  337   338 execute dbms_output.put_line(‘sfasd‘);  339   340 ############# 控制文件 ###########  341   342 select * from v$database;  343   344 select * from v$tablespace;  345   346 select * from v$logfile;  347   348 select * from v$log;  349   350 select * from v$backup;  351   352 /*备份用户表空间*/  353 alter tablespace users begin backup;  354   355 select * from v$archived_log;  356   357 select * from v$controlfile;  358   359 alter system set control_files=‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl‘,  360 ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl‘ scope=spfile;  361   362 cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl  363   364 startup pfile=‘../initSID.ora‘  365   366 select * from v$parameter where name like ‘control%‘ ;  367   368 show parameter control;  369   370 select * from v$controlfile_record_section;  371   372 select * from v$tempfile;  373   374 /*备份控制文件*/  375 alter database backup controlfile to ‘../filepath/control.bak‘;  376   377 /*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/  378 alter database backup controlfile to trace;  379   380 ############### redo log ##############  381   382 archive log list;  383   384 alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档  385   386 alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch  387   388 alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint  389   390 alter tablspace users begin backup;  391   392 alter tablespace offline;  393   394 /*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/  395 show parameter fast;  396   397 show parameter log_checkpoint;  398   399 /*加入一个日志组*/  400 alter database add logfile group 3 (‘/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘ size 10M);  401   402 /*加入日志组的一个成员*/  403 alter database add logfile member ‘/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘ to group 3;  404   405 /*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/  406 alter database drop logfile group 3;  407   408 /*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/  409 alter databse drop logfile member ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘;  410   411 /*清除在线日志*/  412 alter database clear logfile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘;  413   414 alter database clear logfile group 3;  415   416 /*清除非归档日志*/  417 alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;  418   419 /*重命名日志文件*/  420 alter database rename file ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo‘ to ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo‘;  421   422 show parameter db_create;  423   424 alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1=‘path_name‘;  425   426 select * from v$log;  427   428 select * from v$logfile;  429   430 /*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/  431 alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;  432   433 achive log start;---启动自动归档  434   435 alter system archive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件  436   437 select * from v$archived_log;  438   439 show parameter log_archive;  440   441 ###### 分析日志文件logmnr ##############  442   443 1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数  444 2) 重新启动oracle  445 3) create 目录文件  446 desc dbms_logmnr_d;  447 dbms_logmnr_d.build;  448 4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file  449 dhms_logmnr.add_logfile  450 dbms_logmnr.removefile  451 5) start logmnr  452 dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr  453 6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo  454   455 实践：  456   457 desc dbms_logmnr_d;  458   459 /*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/  460 update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;  461   462 delete 表 where stor_id=7066;  463 /***********************************/  464 utl_file_dir的路径  465 execute dbms_logmnr_d.build(‘foxdict.ora‘,‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump‘);  466   467 execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log‘,dbms_logmnr.newfile);  468   469 execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>‘$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora‘);  470   471 ######### tablespace ##############  472   473 select * form v$tablespace;  474   475 select * from v$datafile;  476   477 /*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/  478 select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;  479   480 alter tablespace users add datafile ‘path‘ size 10M;  481   482 select * from dba_rollback_segs;  483   484 /*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/  485 alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;  486   487 create tablespace xxx [datafile ‘path_name/datafile_name‘] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];  488   489 exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf‘ size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;  490 create tablespace userdata datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf‘ size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;  491 /*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/  492 create tablespace userdata datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf‘ size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m;  493 create tablespace userdata datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf‘ size 100M extent management local autoallocate;  494 /*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/  495 create tablespace userdata datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf‘ size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto;  496   497 alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;  498   499 alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);  500   501 /*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */  502 create undo tablespace undo1 datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf‘ size 40M extent management local;  503   504 show parameter undo;  505   506 /*temporary tablespace*/  507 create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf‘ size 10m extent management local;  508   509 /*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/  510 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;  511   512 /*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/  513 alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;  514   515 alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;  516   517 /*重命名用户表空间*/  518 alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf‘ to ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf‘;  519   520 /*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/  521 alter database rename file ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf‘ to ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf‘;  522   523 drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce  524   525 /*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/  526 alter database datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf‘ autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;  527   528 /*resize datafile*/  529 alter database datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf‘ resize 50m;  530   531 /*给表空间扩展空间*/  532 alter tablespace userdata add datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf‘ size 10m;  533   534 /*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/  535 alter system set db_create_file_dest=‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata‘;  536   537 create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;  538   539 drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;  540   541 select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;  542   543 /*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/  544 alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;  545   546 ###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########  547   548 /*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/  549 alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf‘);  550   551 alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区  552   553 show parameter db;  554   555 alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数  556   557 select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;  558   559 select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;  560   561 /*数据对象所占用的字节数*/  562 select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer=‘kong‘ and segment_name =‘table_name‘;  563   564 ############ UNDO Data ################  565   566 show parameter undo;  567   568 alter tablespace users offline normal;  569   570 alter tablespace users offline immediate;  571   572 recover datafile ‘$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf‘;  573   574 alter tablespace users online ;  575   576 select * from dba_rollback_segs;  577   578 alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;  579   580 /*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/  581 alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;  582   583 /*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/  584 create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;  585   586 desc dbms_flashback;  587   588 /*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/  589 execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time(‘26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm‘);  590   591 execute dbms_flashback.disable;  592   593 /*回滚段的统计信息*/  594 select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;  595   596 /*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)  597 UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒)  598 UPS :每秒的回滚数据块  599 DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/  600   601 select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;  602   603 show parameter transactions;  604   605 show parameter rollback;  606   607 /*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/  608 create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;  609   610 alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式  611   612 /*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=(‘rbs1‘,‘rbs2‘,...)、  613 transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10  614 然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */  615   616 ########## Managing Tables ###########  617   618 /*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes  619 rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits)  620 rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位  621 rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位  622 block#(块号)--22bits,6位  623 row#(行号)--16bits,3位  624 64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号  625   626 dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/  627   628 select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;  629   630 create table test2  631 (  632 id int,  633 lname varchar2(20) not null,  634 fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like ‘k%‘),  635 empdate date default sysdate)  636 ) tablespace tablespace_name;  637   638   639 create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;  640   641 create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;  642   643 alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage  644   645 /*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/  646 alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile ‘...‘);  647   648 /*释放表中没有用到的空间*/  649 alter table table_name deallocate unused;  650   651 alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;  652   653 /*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/  654 alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;  655   656 create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;  657   658 alter index index_name rebuild;  659   660 drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];  661   662 alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column  663   664 /*给表中不用的列做标记*/  665 alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;  666   667 /*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/  668 alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;  669   670 /*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/  671 ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;  672   673 select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;  674   675 ######## managing indexes ##########  676   677 /*create index*/  678 example:  679 /*创建一般索引*/  680 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;  681 /*创建位图索引*/  682 create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;  683 /*索引中不能用pctused*/  684 create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;  685 /*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/  686 create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;  687 /*创建反转索引*/  688 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;  689 /*创建函数索引*/  690 create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;  691 /*建表时创建约束条件*/  692 create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;  693   694 /*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/  695 show parameter create_bit;  696   697 /*改变索引的存储参数*/  698 alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);  699   700 /*给索引手工分配一个分区*/  701 alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile ‘$ORACLE/oradata/..‘);  702   703 /*释放索引中没用的空间*/  704 alter index index_name deallocate unused;  705   706 /*索引重建*/  707 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;  708   709 /*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/  710 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;  711   712 /*重建索引时，不锁表*/  713 alter index index_name rebuild online;  714   715 /*给索引整理碎片*/  716 alter index index_name COALESCE;  717   718 /*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/  719 analyze index index_name validate structure;  720   721 desc index_state;  722   723 drop index index_name;  724   725 alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到  726   727 alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视  728   729 /*有关索引信息的视图*/  730 select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;  731   732 ########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########  733   734 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束  735   736 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键  737   738 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束  739   740 /*创建外键约束*/  741 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);  742   743 /*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/  744 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like ‘B%‘) enable/disable novalidate/validate;  745   746 /*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/  747 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;  748   749 /*修改约束条件，立即验证*/  750 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;  751   752 alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;  753   754 /*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/  755 drop table table_name cascade constraints;  756   757 /*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/  758 truncate table table_name;  759   760 /*设约束条件无效*/  761 alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;  762   763 alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;  764   765 /*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/  766 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;  767   768 /*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/  769 start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;  770   771 /*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/  772 select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;  773   774 ################## managing password security and resources ####################  775   776 alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户;  777   778 alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期  779   780 /*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/  781 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;  782 /*创建口令配置文件*/  783 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;  784 /*建立资源配置文件*/  785 create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;  786   787 alter user user_name profile profile_name;  788   789 /*设置口令解锁时间*/  790 alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;  791   792 /*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/  793 alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;  794   795 /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/  796 alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];  797   798 alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令  799   800 drop profile profile_name;  801   802 /*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/  803 drop profile profile_name CASCADE;  804   805 alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false  806   807 /*配置资源参数*/  808 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;  809 /*资源参数(session级)  810 cpu_per_session 每个session占用cpu的时间 单位1/100秒  811 sessions_per_user 允许每个用户的并行session数  812 connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟  813 idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟  814 logical_reads_per_session 读块数  815 private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes  816   817 (call级)  818 cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间  819 logical_reads_per_call 每次调用能够读的块数  820 */  821   822 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;  823   824 desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包  825   826 /*获取资源信息的表或视图*/  827 select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;  828   829 ###### Managing users ############  830   831 show parameter os;  832   833 create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;  834   835 grant connect,createtable to testuser1;  836   837 alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;  838   839 /*创建用户*/  840 create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;  841   842 /*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/  843 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;  844   845 /*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/  846 alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;  847   848 /*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,‘OPS$‘为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/  849 create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;  850   851 /*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/  852 alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;  853   854 /*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/  855 drop user user_name [CASCADE];  856   857 /*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/  858 desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username=‘...‘;  859   860 /*改变用户的缺省表空间*/  861 alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;  862   863 ######### Managing Privileges #############  864   865 grant create table,create session to user_name;  866   867 grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;  868   869 /*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/  870 grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];  871   872 select * from v$pwfile_users;  873   874 /*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/  875 show parameter O7;  876   877 /*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/  878 alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;  879   880 /*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/  881 grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;  882   883 /*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/  884 grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;  885   886 select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;  887   888 /*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/  889 show parameter audit_trail;  890   891 /*启动对表的select动作*/  892 audit select on user.table_name by session;  893   894 /*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/  895 audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];  896   897 desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包  898   899 /*取消审计*/  900 noaudit select on user.table_name;  901   902 /*查被审计信息*/  903 select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;  904   905 /*获取审计记录*/  906 select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;  907   908 ########### Managing Role #################  909   910 create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;  911   912 create role role_name;  913 create role role_name identified by password;  914 create role role_name identified externally;  915   916 set role role_name ; ----激活role  917 set role role_name identified by password;  918   919 alter role role_name not identified;  920 alter role role_name identified by password;  921 alter role role_name identified externally;  922   923 grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];  924 grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;  925 grant role_name1 to role_name2;  926   927 /*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/  928 alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;  929 alter user user_name default role all;  930 alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;  931 alter user user_name default role none;  932   933 set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;  934 set role all;  935 set role except role1,role2,...;  936 set role none;  937   938 revoke role_name from user_name;  939 revoke role_name from public;  940   941 drop role role_name;  942   943 select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;  944   945 ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################  946   947 select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;  948   949 select col_name from table_name where col1 like ‘_o%‘; ----‘_‘匹配单个字符  950   951 /*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/  952 select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,‘g‘),LPAD(col3,10,‘$‘),RPAD(col4,10,‘%‘) from table_name;  953   954 /*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/  955 select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;  956   957 /*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,  958 某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/  959 select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,‘FRIDAY‘),last_day(sysdate),  960 round(sysdate,‘MONTH‘),trunc(sysdate,‘MONTH‘) from table_name;  961   962 /*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/  963 select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;  964   965 select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when ‘50‘ then column2*1.1  966 when ‘30‘ then column2*2.1  967 when ‘10‘ then column3/20  968 else column3  969 end as ttt  970 from table_name ; ------使用case函数  971   972 select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1  973 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接  974 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接  975 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接  976 [JOIN table2  977 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |  978 [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接  979 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;  980   981 example:  982 select col1,col2 from table1 t1  983 join table2 t2  984 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1  985 join table3 t3  986 on t2.col1=t3.col3;  987   988 select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);  989   990 select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);  991   992 insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);  993   994 MERGE INTO table_name table1  995 USING table_name2 table2  996 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)  997 WHEN MATCHED THEN  998 UPDATE SET  999 table1.col1=table2.col2, 1000 table1.col2=table2.col3, 1001 ... 1002 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 1003 INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句 1004  1005 ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 1006  1007 alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 1008  1009 alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。 1010 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列 1011  1012 rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表 1013  1014 comment on table table_name is ‘comment message‘;----给表放入注释信息 1015  1016 create table table_name 1017 (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), 1018 constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件 1019  1020 alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键 1021  1022 /*建立外键*/ 1023 create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 1024  1025 alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like ‘K%‘); 1026  1027 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 1028  1029 alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键 1030  1031 alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效 1032  1033 /*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/ 1034 alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 1035  1036 select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图 1037  1038 ############## Create Views ##################### 1039  1040 CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] 1041 AS subquery 1042 [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] 1043 [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法 1044  1045 example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图 1046 /*使用别名*/ 1047 Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; 1048 /*创建复杂视图*/ 1049 Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; 1050 /*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/ 1051 Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 1052  1053 /*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/ 1054 update view_name set col1=value1; 1055  1056 /*TOP-N分析*/ 1057 select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 1058  1059 /*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/ 1060 example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 1061  1062 ############# Other database Object ############### 1063  1064 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] 1065 [START WITH n] 1066 [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] 1067 [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] 1068 [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] 1069 [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE 1070  1071 example: 1072 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 1073 START WITH 120 1074 MAXVALUE 9999 1075 NOCACHE 1076 NOCYCLE; 1077  1078 select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图 1079  1080 select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用 1081  1082 alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 1083 MAXVALUE 999999 1084 NOCACHE 1085 NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号 1086  1087 drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence 1088  1089 CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词 1090  1091 DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词 1092  1093 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK 1094  1095 select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象 1096  1097 /*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/ 1098 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1099  1100 /*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/ 1101 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1102  1103 /*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/ 1104 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1105  1106 /*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/ 1107 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1108  1109 /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/ 1110 select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 1111 /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/ 1112 select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 1113  1114 ########################## 增强的 group by 子句 ######################### 1115  1116 select [column,] group_function(column)... 1117 from table 1118 [WHERE condition] 1119 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 1120 [HAVING having_expression]; 1121 [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合 1122  1123 example: 1124 /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/ 1125 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); 1126 /*复合rollup表达式*/ 1127 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); 1128  1129 select [column,] group_function(column)... 1130 from table 1131 [WHERE condition] 1132 [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] 1133 [HAVING having_expression]; 1134 [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合 1135  1136 example: 1137 /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/ 1138 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 1139 /*复合rollup表达式*/ 1140 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); 1141 /*混合rollup,cube表达式*/ 1142 select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); 1143  1144 /*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/ 1145 select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) 1146 from table 1147 [WHERE condition] 1148 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 1149 [HAVING having_expression]; 1150 [ORDER BY column]; 1151  1152 example: 1153 select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 1154  1155 /*grouping sets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/ 1156 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));