首页 > 代码库 > python-1 python基础知识

python-1 python基础知识

 

python第一课代码笔记

hello world

[root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# vim hello1.py   

#!/usr/bin/env python

print (hello world!)

[root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# python hello1.py

hello world!
 

注意

#!/usr/bin/python是告诉操作系统执行这个脚本的时候,调用/usr/bin下的python解释器;
#!/usr/bin/env python这种用法是为了防止操作系统用户没有将python装在默认的/usr/bin路径里。当系统看到这一行的时候,首先会到env设置里查找python的安装路径,再调用对应路径下的解释器程序完成操作。
#!/usr/bin/python相当于写死了python路径;
#!/usr/bin/env python会去环境设置寻找python目录,推荐这种写法

 

[root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# vim hello2.py   

def main():

print("hello")

main()

IndentationError: expected an indented block 缩进错误

[root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# vim hello2.py   

def main():

  print("hello")

main()

 

 

变量


[root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# vim plus.py   
x = 2
y = 3
print (x + y)
[root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# python plus.py
5
[root@localhost python]# vim plus.py   
def main():
  x = 2
  y = 4
  print(x + y) main() # python plus.py
6 大写的一般是常量,小写的是变量 [root@heartbeat
-data-1 python]# vim test.py x = 2 y = 3 z = x x = 5 print (Z:,z) print (X:,x) [root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# python test.py Z: 2 X: 5 [root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# vim test1.py a = ABC b = a a = XYZ print(b) print(a) [root@heartbeat-data-1 python]# python test1.py ABC XYZ 单行注释:#,多行注释:’’’ 三个引号 #print ‘ddd’ [root@localhost python]# vim zhushi.py print
‘‘‘ print ddd print ddd print ddd ------------------
‘‘‘

[root@localhost python]# python zhushi.py

print ‘ddd‘

print ‘ddd‘

print ‘ddd‘

------------------

 

理解字符編碼:


 #_*_coding:utf8_*_
在脚本里面添加以上那句话,可解决中文问题

ASSIC(8进制) UNICODE(16进制) UTF8(可变长度的) ASSIC:1个字节8位,2的8次方,最多存256个数 UNICODE:2的16次方,最多存65536 UTF8:可变长度的 [root@heartbeat
-data-1 Python-3.4.4]# python >>> ord(a) 97 >>> ord(A) 65 >>> a = wwp >>> type(a) <class str> >>> len(a) 3

In [1]: name = ‘咖啡可乐‘

In [2]: name
Out[2]: ‘\xe5\x92\x96\xe5\x95\xa1\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe4\xb9\x90‘

In [3]: name.encode(‘utf-8‘)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnicodeDecodeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-977844d87663> in <module>()
----> 1 name.encode(‘utf-8‘)

UnicodeDecodeError: ‘ascii‘ codec can‘t decode byte 0xe5 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)  

读取文件时使用的编码默认时ascii而不是utf8,导致的错误

解决方法

In [6]: import sys

In [7]: reload(sys)
<module ‘sys‘ (built-in)>

In [9]: sys.setdefaultencoding(‘utf8‘)

In [10]: name.encode(‘utf-8‘)
Out[10]: ‘\xe5\x92\x96\xe5\x95\xa1\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe4\xb9\x90‘


In [12]: name_utf8=name.encode(‘utf-8‘)

In [13]: len(name_utf8)
Out[13]: 12


 

模块

>>> import os
>>> os.system(df -h)
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5              44G  2.2G   39G   6% /
tmpfs                 491M     0  491M   0% /dev/shm
0
>>> os.system(free -m)
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:           981        741        239          0         29        587
-/+ buffers/cache:        125        855
Swap:         2047          0       2047
0

 

内置模块


 os内置模块

用于提供系统级别的操作

os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd

os.curdir  返回当前目录: (‘.‘)

os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:(‘..‘)

os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2‘)    可生成多层递归目录

os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘)    若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推

os.mkdir(‘dirname‘)    生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname

os.rmdir(‘dirname‘)    删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname

os.listdir(‘dirname‘)    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印

os.remove()  删除一个文件

os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录

os.stat(‘path/filename‘)  获取文件/目录信息

os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"

os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"

os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串

os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘

os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令,直接显示

os.environ  获取系统环境变量

os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径

os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回

os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素

os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素

os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False

os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径,返回True

os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False

os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False

os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略

os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间

os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间



 sys内置模块

 

 

 

sys.argv         命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径

sys.exit(n)        退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)

sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息

sys.maxint         最大的Int值

sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值

sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称

sys.stdout.write(‘please:‘)

val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]

 

 

交互式

交互式:raw_input默认输出的都是字符串
input 输出的是数字
raw_input和input的区别:input本身格式是什么就调用什么,raw_input默认输出的都是字符串
 
普通版本
[root@python scripts]# vim test0.py #
!/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8 _*_ name = raw_input(Please input your name:) age = raw_input("age:") print name , age

升级版 [root@python scripts]# vim test1.py #
!/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8 _*_ name = raw_input(Please input your name:) age = raw_input("age:") job = raw_input("job:") salary = raw_input("salary:") print ‘‘‘ Personal information of %s: Name: %s Age : %s Job : %s Salary: %s --------------------- ‘‘‘ % ( name,name,age,job,salary) %s代表字符串 %d代表数字 %f 代表浮点数

 

 

流程控制

流程控制语句:
if语句
if else

#
!/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8 _*_ name = raw_input(Please input your name:) age = input("age:") job = raw_input("job:") salary = raw_input("salary:") if age > 30: msg = You are too fucking old! else: msg = You are still young print ‘‘‘ Personal information of %s: Name: %s Age : %d Job : %s Salary: %s --------------------- %s ‘‘‘
% ( name,name,age,job,salary,msg)


if elif else
#
!/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8 _*_ name = raw_input(Please input your name:) age = input("age:") job = raw_input("job:") salary = raw_input("salary:") if age > 40 : msg = You are too fucking old! elif age > 30 : msg = You are still have a few years to hook up else : msg = You are still young print ‘‘‘ Personal information of %s: Name: %s Age : %d Job : %s Salary: %s --------------------- %s ‘‘‘
% ( name,name,age,job,salary,msg)


for 语句:
#
!/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8 _*_ name = raw_input(Please input your name:) job = raw_input("job:") salary = raw_input("salary:") real_age = 29 for i in range(10) : age = input(age:) if age > 29 : print big! elif age == 29 : print \033[32;1mright!\033[0m 带颜色 break else : print small print You still got %s shots! % (9 - i) print ‘‘‘ Personal information of %s: Name: %s Age : %d Job : %s Salary: %s --------------------- ‘‘‘
% (name,name,age,job,salary)
while循环 [root@python scripts]# vim test4.py count = 0 while True: print loop;,count count +=1 版本1 print_num = input (which loop do you want it to be printed out?) count = 0 while count < 100000000: if count == print_num: print There you got the num:,count choice = raw_input(Do U want to continue the loop?y/n) if choice == n: break else: print Loop:,count count +=1 else: print Loop:count,count 版本2 print_num = input (which loop do you want it to be printed out?) count = 0 while count < 100000000: if count == print_num: print There you got the num:,count choice = raw_input(Do U want to continue the loop?y/n) if choice == n: break else: print_num = input(which loop do you want it to be printed out?) else: print Loop:,count count +=1 else: print Loop:count,count 版本3 [root@python software]# vim test.py #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ print_num = input (which loop do you want it to be printed out?) count = 0 while count < 100000000: if count == print_num: print There you got the num:,count choice = raw_input(Do U want to continue the loop?y/n) if choice == n: break else: while print_num <= count: print_num = input (which loop do you want it to be printed out?) print "the num have passed" else: print Loop:,count count +=1 else: print Loop:count,count

 

python-1 python基础知识