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Hibernate_12_HQL语句查询
使用HQL查询的特点:
(1)与SQL相似,SQL中的语法基本上都可以直接使用。
(2)SQL查询的是表和表中的列;HQL查询的是对象与对象中的属
(3)HQL的关键字不区分大小写,类名与属性名是区分大小写
(4)SELECT可以省略.
Employee类、Department类、SessionFactoryTools类、Employee.hbm.xml文件、 Department.hbm.xml文件、Hibernate.cfg.xml文件都与4中的相同。
1>简单的数据库的查询:
持久化层代码:
/** * 员工类和部门类的持久层类 */ public class EmpAndDepDao { /** * save的方法 */ @Test public void save() { Session session = SessionFactoryTools.getSession(); <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>Transaction tx = null;// 声明一个事务 try { tx = session.beginTransaction();// 开始一个事务 // ============================================ // 新建部门对象,设置并设置部门名称 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { Department department = new Department(); department.setName("开发部" + i); session.save(department); } // 新建员工对象,并设置姓名 for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { Employee employee = new Employee(); employee.setName("赵钱孙" + i); session.save(employee); } // =============================================== tx.commit(); } catch (RuntimeException e) { if (tx != null) { tx.rollback(); } throw e; } finally { session.close(); } } /** * getById */ @Test public void getById() { Session session = SessionFactoryTools.getSession(); Transaction tx = null; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); String hql = null; // ================================================================ // -------获取部门信息------------------------------------- /** 1,简单的查询 hql = "FROM Employee"; hql = "FROM Employee AS e"; // 使用别名 hql = "FROM Employee e"; // 使用别名,as关键字可省略 */ /** 2,带上过滤条件的(可以使用别名):Where hql = "FROM Employee WHERE id<10"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 AND e.id>5"; */ /**3,带上排序条件的:Order By hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name"; hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE e.id<10 ORDER BY e.name DESC, id ASC"; */ /**4,指定select子句(不可以使用select *) hql = "SELECT e FROM Employee e"; // 相当于"FROM Employee e" // 只查询一个列,返回的集合的元素类型就是这个属性的类型 <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> hql = "SELECT e.name FROM Employee e"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>// 查询多个列,返回的集合的元素类型是Object数组 <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name FROM Employee e"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>// 可以使用new语法,指定把查询出的部分属性封装到对象中 <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>hql = "SELECT new Employee(e.id,e.name) FROM Employee e"; */ /** 5,执行查询,获得结果(list、uniqueResult、分页 ) Query query = session.createQuery("FROM Employee e WHERE id<3"); query.setFirstResult(0); query.setMaxResults(10); // List list = query.list(); // 查询的结果是一个List集合 <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>// 查询的结果是唯一的一个结果,当结果有多个,就会抛异常 Employee employee = (Employee) query.uniqueResult(); <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>System.out.println(employee); */ /** 6,方法链 List list = session.createQuery(// "FROM Employee")// .setFirstResult(0)// .setMaxResults(10)// .list(); */ // -----赋值语句-------------------------------- <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>hql = "SELECT new Employee (e.id,e.name) FROM Employee e"; //-------执行查询------------------------------- List<?> list= session.createQuery(hql).list(); // ----- 显示结果----------------------------------- /** * 判断List为什么类型, <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> * 若为数组类型则采用数组输出方式, <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> * 否则采用对象输出方式 */ for (Object obj : list) { if (obj.getClass().isArray()) { System.out.println(Arrays.toString((Object[]) obj)); } else { System.out.println(obj); } } // ===================================================== tx.commit(); } catch (RuntimeException e) { tx.rollback(); throw e; } finally { session.close(); } } }
2>带有限定条件和关联的数据库查询:
查询方法:
/** * getById */ @Test public void getById() { Session session = SessionFactoryTools.getSession(); Transaction tx = null; try { tx = session.beginTransaction(); String hql = null; // ================================================== // -------获取部门信息------------------------------- /** 1,聚集函数:count(), max(), min(), avg(), sum() <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>// 返回的结果是Long型的 hql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>// 返回的结果是id属性的类型 <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>hql = "SELECT min(id) FROM Employee"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> Number result = (Number) session.createQuery(hql).uniqueResult(); System.out.println(result.getClass()); System.out.println(result); */ /** 2,分组: Group By ... Having <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) FROM Employee e WHERE id<9 GROUP BY e.name HAVING count(e.id)>1"; <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> //------链式查询语言------------------------- hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) " + // "FROM Employee e " + // "WHERE id<9 " + // "GROUP BY e.name " + // "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // "ORDER BY count(e.id) ASC"; --- hql = "SELECT e.name,COUNT(e.id) AS c " + // "FROM Employee e " + // "WHERE id<9 " + // "GROUP BY e.name " + // <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> "HAVING count(e.id)>1 " + // 在having子句中不能使用列别名 "ORDER BY c ASC"; // 在orderby子句中可以使用列别名 */ /** 3,连接查询 / HQL是面向对象的查询 //内连接(inner关键字可以省略) hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e INNER JOIN e.department d"; hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e JOIN e.department d"; // 左外连接(outer关键字可以省略) hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e LEFT OUTER JOIN e.department d"; hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e LEFT JOIN e.department d"; // 右外连接(outer关键字可以省略) hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e RIGHT OUTER JOIN e.department d"; hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,d.name FROM Employee e RIGHT JOIN e.department d"; // 可以使用更方便的方法 hql = "SELECT e.id,e.name,e.department.name FROM Employee e"; */ /** 4,查询时使用参数 //方式一:使用'?'占位 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN ? AND ?"; List list = session.createQuery(hql)// .setParameter(0, 5)// 设置参数,0表示为第一个参数 .setParameter(1, 15)//1表示为第二个参数 .list(); //方式二:使用变量名 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id BETWEEN :idMin AND :idMax"; List list = session.createQuery(hql)// .setParameter("idMax", 15)//idMax表示:上边缘 .setParameter("idMin", 5)//idMin表示:下边缘 .list(); // 当参数是集合时,一定要使用setParameterList()设置参数值 hql = "FROM Employee e WHERE id IN (:ids)"; List list = session.createQuery(hql)//ids表示:变量名 <span style="white-space:pre"> </span> <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>.setParameterList("ids", new Object[] { 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 100 }) <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>.list();//数组中的数值为变量名可以取得数值 */ /** 5,使用命名查询 * //需要在hbm文件中配置查询语句 //queryByIdRange:hbm文件中配置的查询语句的名称 Query query = session.getNamedQuery("queryByIdRange"); query.setParameter("idMin", 3); <span style="white-space:pre"> </span>//idMin、idMax:查询语句中的变量名 query.setParameter("idMax", 10); List list = query.list(); */ /**6,update与delete,不会通知Session缓存 //Update int result = session.createQuery(// "UPDATE Employee e SET e.name=? WHERE id>15")// .setParameter(0, "无名氏")// .executeUpdate(); // 返回int型的结果,表示影响了多少行。 System.out.println("result = " + result); //Delete int result = session.createQuery(// "DELETE FROM Employee e WHERE id>15")// .executeUpdate(); // 返回int型的结果,表示影响了多少行。 System.out.println("result = " + result); */ // ----- 执行查询并显示结果---------------------------- List list = session.createQuery(hql).list(); for (Object obj : list) { if (obj.getClass().isArray()) { System.out.println(Arrays.toString((Object[]) obj)); } else { System.out.println(obj); } } // ===================================================== tx.commit(); } catch (RuntimeException e) { tx.rollback(); throw e; } finally { session.close(); } }
注意:在update或delete后,需要refresh(obj)一下以获取最新的状态
// 第一次显示名称 Employee employee = (Employee) session.get(Employee.class, 1); System.out.println(employee.getName()); // update与delete,不会通知Session缓存 int result = session.createQuery(// "UPDATE Employee e SET e.name=? WHERE id=1")// .setParameter(0, "无名氏2")// .executeUpdate(); System.out.println(result); // 第二次显示名称 session.refresh(employee); System.out.println(employee.getName());
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