DNS之正反向解析和主从

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2024-07-16 05:31:28 222人阅读

DNS简介

DNS（Domain Name Server）,因特网上作为域名和IP地址相互映射的一个分布式数据库，能够使用户更方便的访问互联网，而不用去记住能够被机器直接读取的IP数串基于C/S架构，监听在UDP/53,tcp/53端口上。通俗一点，就是把一个网站的地址，解析成IP地址。

一级域分为三类
组织域：.com、.org、.mil、.gov、.edu、.net、
国家域：.cn、.hk、.tw、.us、.jp、.ir、.uk
反向域：.in-addr.arpa

DNS服务器类型：
主DNS服务器
辅助DNS服务器
缓存DNS服务器

正向解析：通过域名找ip

反向解析：通过ip找域名

正向解析：

首先配置主配置文件，定义区域、配置文件在/etc/named.confg下、有哪些区域需要定义的、一般主配置文件中通常有三个区域、一个是根、还有本地localhost、以及127.0.0.1的反向区域。
其次我们每个区域要完成解析要有区域数据文件、所以还要定义区域数据库文件、而区域数据文件一般都在/var/named/中、运行named的进程还是named这个用户、组也是、这些区域文件或配置文件都不允许额外的其他用户访问、所以他们的权限通常都为640的。

首先查询是否安装服务

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa bind

bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64

表明已安装，未安装的话，yum install bind

1，修改主配置文件路径在/etc/named.conf，和/etc/named.rfc1912.zones

options{

//listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };

//listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };

directory "/var/named";

dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";

statistics-file"/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";

memstatistics-file"/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";

//allow-query { localhost; };

recursion yes;

//dnssec-enable yes;

//dnssec-validation yes;

//dnssec-lookaside auto;

/* Path to ISC DLV key */

//bindkeys-file"/etc/named.iscdlv.key";

//managed-keys-directory"/var/named/dynamic";

};

logging{

channel default_debug {

file"data/named.run";

severity dynamic;

};

zone"." IN {

type hint;

file "named.ca";

};

include"/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";

//include"/etc/named.root.key";

3为每一个区域提供解析库

zone"localhost.localdomain" IN {

type master;

file "named.localhost";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"localhost" IN {

type master;

file "named.localhost";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa"IN {

type master;

file "named.loopback";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "named.loopback";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"0.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "named.empty";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"caoshujia.com" IN{ //自己定义一个zone

type master;

file "caoshujia.com.zone";

}；

2，然后去/var/named目录下，vimcaoshujia.com.zone 文件

$TTL 3600

@ IN SOA ns.caoshujia.com. admin.caoshujia.com. (

2014080401

10M

1D )

IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

IN MX 10 mail.caoshujia.com.

ns.caoshujia.com. IN A 172.16.100.10

mail.caoshujia.com. IN A 172.16.100.11

www.caoshujia.com. IN A 172.16.100.12

pop.caoshujia.com. IN CNAME mail.caoshujia.com.

3，修改此文件的属组和权限

[root@localhost named]# chgrp namedcaoshujia.com.zone

[root@localhost named]# chmod 640caoshujia.com.zone

[root@localhost named]# ll

total 32

-rw-r----- 1 root named 331 Aug 2 16:40caoshujia.com.zone

4，检查语法错误

[root@localhost named]# service namedconfigtest

zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loadedserial 0

zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0

zone1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN:loaded serial 0

zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN:loaded serial 0

zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial0

zone caoshujia.com/IN: loaded serial2014080401

无语法错误

或者可以手动检查，先检查[root@localhost named]# named-checkconf 主配置文件

然后[root@localhost named]# named-checkzone "caoshujia.com"/var/named/caoshujia.com.zone 检查zone

5，重新载入一下

[root@localhost named]# service namedreload

Reloading named: [ OK ]

[root@localhost named]# rndc reload

server reload successful

6，测试是否能解析

[root@localhost ~]# host -t NScaoshujia.com 172.16.249.55

Using domain server:

Name: 172.16.249.55

Address: 172.16.249.55#53

Aliases:

caoshujia.com name serverns.caoshujia.com.

[root@localhost ~]# host -t MXcaoshujia.com 172.16.249.55

Using domain server:

Name: 172.16.249.55

Address: 172.16.249.55#53

Aliases:

caoshujia.com mail is handled by 10mail.caoshujia.com.

[root@localhost ~]# host -t SOAcaoshujia.com 172.16.249.55

Using domain server:

Name: 172.16.249.55

Address: 172.16.249.55#53

Aliases:

caoshujia.com has SOA recordns.caoshujia.com. admin.caoshujia.com. 2014080401 7200 600 604800 86400

7，添加反向zone，区域名称解析为逆向网络地址加.in-addr.arpa后缀

[root@localhost~]# vim /etc/named.conf

//allow-query { localhost; };

recursion yes;

//dnssec-enable yes;

//dnssec-validation yes;

//dnssec-lookaside auto;

/* Path to ISC DLV key */

//bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";

//managed-keys-directory"/var/named/dynamic";

};

logging{

channel default_debug {

file"data/named.run";

severity dynamic;

};

zone"." IN {

type hint;

file "named.ca";

};

zone"100.16.172.in-addr.arpa." IN {

type master;

file "172.16.100.zone";

};

include"/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";

//include"/etc/named.root.key";

9然后去编辑etc/named.rfc1912.zones

zone "100.16.172.in-addr.arpa."IN {

type master;

file "172.16.100.zone";

};

10，检查语法named-checkconf

11，然后[root@localhostnamed]# cp -p caoshujia.com.zone 172.16.100.zone

这样就不用在新建，而且还保持原属性，直接在里面修改就行。

$TTL 3600

@ IN SOA ns.caoshujia.com. admin.caoshujia.com. (

2014080401

10M

1D)

IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

10 IN PTR ns.caoshujia.com.

11 IN PTR mail.caoshujia.com.

12 IN PTR www.caoshujia.com.

11，检测

[root@localhostnamed]# host -t PTR 172.16.100.10 172.16.249.55

Usingdomain server:

Name:172.16.249.55

Address:172.16.249.55#53

Aliases:

100.16.172.in-addr.arpadomain name pointer ns.caoshujia.com.

[root@localhostnamed]# host -t PTR 172.16.100.11 172.16.249.55

Usingdomain server:

Name:172.16.249.55

Address:172.16.249.55#53

Aliases:

此次的正反向解析完成，然后接着上个去完成主从复制。

1、向区域中添加从服务器的关键两步：

1）、在上级获得授权

2）、在区域数据文件中为从服务器添加一条NS记录和对应的A或PTR记录。

2、向从区域中添加区域，但不需要自己创建数据文件，因为要从主DNS服务器上做区域传送，为了安全，要放在/var/named/slaves目录下，这也是系统专门为从服务器准备的存放区域数据文件的路径。

1，首先在A的主配置文件中增加从ns记录

$TTL 3600

$ORIGIN caoshujia.com.

@ IN SOA ns.caoshujia.com. admin.caoshujia.com. (

2014080401

10M

1D )

IN NS ns

IN NS ns2

IN MX 10 mail

ns IN A 172.16.100.10

ns2 IN A 172.16.249.198

mail IN A 172.16.100.11

www IN A 172.16.100.12

pop IN CNAME mail

2，在B中配置/etc/named.conf文件，不过要首先ntpdateNTP_server一下，调整一下时间，A中已经用过，关于ntpdate是为了更新时间一致，能够做主从复制。

options {

// listen-onport 53 { 127.0.0.1; };

// listen-on-v6port 53 { ::1; };

directory "/var/named";

dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";

statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";

memstatistics-file"/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";

// allow-query { localhost; };

recursionyes;

// dnssec-enableyes;

// dnssec-validation yes;

// dnssec-lookaside auto;

/* Path toISC DLV key */

// bindkeys-file"/etc/named.iscdlv.key";

// managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";

};

logging {

channeldefault_debug {

file"data/named.run";

severity dynamic;

};

其实和A中的文件是一样的。

3， B中配置vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones文件

zone "localhost.localdomain" IN {

type master;

file "named.localhost";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"localhost" IN {

type master;

file "named.localhost";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa"IN {

type master;

file "named.loopback";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "named.loopback";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"0.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "named.empty";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone "caoshujia.com"IN {

type slave;

file"slaves/caoshujia.com.zone";

masters { 172.16.249.114; };

}；

并检查语法是否正确

named-checkconf

4，检测是否检测出数据

;;QUESTION SECTION:

;www.caoshujia.com. IN A

;; ANSWERSECTION:

www.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.100.12

www.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.249.198

;;AUTHORITY SECTION:

caoshujia.com. 3600 IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

caoshujia.com. 3600 IN NS ns2.caoshujia.com.

;;ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.100.10

ns2.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.249.198

;; Querytime: 3 msec

;;SERVER: 172.16.249.114#53(172.16.249.114)

;; WHEN:Wed Aug 6 16:10:54 2014

;; MSG SIZE rcvd:118

反向解析

1，编辑B上文件

[root@localhostslaves]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones

zone"0.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type master;

file "named.empty";

allow-update { none; };

};

zone"caoshujia.com" IN {

type slave;

file"slaves/caoshujia.com.zone";

masters { 172.16.249.114; };

};

zone"16.172.in-addr.arpa" IN {

type slave;

file "slaves/172.16.zone";

masters { 172.16.249.114; };

};

2，然后去A上编辑反向解析文件

Vim /etc/named.conf中

zone"16.172.in-addr.arpa." IN {

type master;

file "172.16.zone";

};

3，然后再[root@localhostnamed]# vim /var/named/172.16.zone 这个文件

$TTL 3600

@ IN SOA ns.caoshujia.com. admin.caoshujia.com. (

2014080402

10M

1D)

IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

IN NS ns2.caoshujia.com.

114.249 IN PTR ns.caoshujia.com.

198.249 IN PTR ns2.caoshujia.com.

4，本地检测一下

[root@localhost named]# dig -x172.16.249.114 @172.16.249.114

; <<>> DiG9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 <<>> -x 172.16.249.114@172.16.249.114

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY,status: NOERROR, id: 52639

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1,AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;114.249.16.172.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

114.249.16.172.in-addr.arpa. 3600 IN PTR ns.caoshujia.com.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

16.172.in-addr.arpa. 3600 IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

16.172.in-addr.arpa. 3600 IN NS ns2.caoshujia.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.100.10

ns2.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.249.198

;; Query time: 1 msec

;; SERVER:172.16.249.114#53(172.16.249.114)

;; WHEN: Wed Aug 6 17:11:35 2014

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 139

[root@localhost named]# dig -t NScaoshujia.com @172.16.249.114

; <<>> DiG9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 <<>> -t NS caoshujia.com@172.16.249.114

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY,status: NOERROR, id: 718

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2,AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;caoshujia.com. IN NS

;; ANSWER SECTION:

caoshujia.com. 3600 IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

caoshujia.com. 3600 IN NS ns2.caoshujia.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.100.10

ns2.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.249.198

;; Query time: 0 msec

;; SERVER:172.16.249.114#53(172.16.249.114)

;; WHEN: Wed Aug 6 17:12:11 2014

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 98

5，去从服务器上检测

[root@localhost slaves]# dig -x172.16.249.110 @172.16.249.198

; <<>> DiG9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 <<>> -x 172.16.249.110@172.16.249.198

;; global options: +cmd

;; Got answer:

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY,status: NOERROR, id: 17026

;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1,AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;110.249.16.172.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:

110.249.16.172.in-addr.arpa. 3600 IN PTR mail.caoshujia.com.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

16.172.in-addr.arpa. 3600 IN NS ns2.caoshujia.com.

16.172.in-addr.arpa. 3600 IN NS ns.caoshujia.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.100.10

ns2.caoshujia.com. 3600 IN A 172.16.249.198

;; Query time: 2 msec

;; SERVER:172.16.249.198#53(172.16.249.198)

;; WHEN: Wed Aug 6 17:58:18 2014

;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 144

本次的主从同步完成

本文出自 “Linux” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://clarence.blog.51cto.com/8161461/1536596

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DNS之正反向解析和主从

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