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爬虫--微信公众平台登录
一 注册登录分析模式
第一步：打开https://mp.weixin.qq.com/进入登陆界面
第二步：输入账号密码点击登陆
第三步：等待跳转后扫码验证
第四步：进入主页面
通过简单手法的查看chrome浏览器的network发现发送的密码经过了加密。
二 相关知识点
requests模块
新建一个py文件后导入requests模块Ctrl右键进入源码：
Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET usage: >>> import requests >>> r = requests.get(‘https://www.python.org‘) >>> r.status_code 200 >>> ‘Python is a programming language‘ in r.content True ... or POST: >>> payload = dict(key1=‘value1‘, key2=‘value2‘) >>> r = requests.post(‘http://httpbin.org/post‘, data=http://www.mamicode.com/payload) >>> print(r.text) { ... "form": { "key2": "value2", "key1": "value1" }, ... }
上述就是requests的基本用法。
还有其他的请求方式，查看源码发现都是返回了request方法。其中解释了很多的参数设置。
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``‘name‘: file-like-objects`` (or ``{‘name‘: file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``(‘filename‘, fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``(‘filename‘, fileobj, ‘content_type‘)`` or a 4-tuple ``(‘filename‘, fileobj, ‘content_type‘, custom_headers)``, where ``‘content-type‘`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert‘, ‘key‘) pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response
BeautifulSoup
BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，然后将其进行格式化，之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。
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from bs4 import BeautifulSouphtml_doc = """<html><head><title>The Dormouse‘s story</title></head><body>asdf <div class="title"> <b>The Dormouse‘s story总共</b> <h1>f</h1> </div><div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>ad<br/>sf<p class="story">...</p></body></html>"""soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")# 找到第一个a标签tag1 = soup.find(name=‘a‘)# 找到所有的a标签tag2 = soup.find_all(name=‘a‘)# 找到id＝link2的标签tag3 = soup.select(‘#link2‘) |
安装：
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pip3 install beautifulsoup4 |
使用示例：
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from bs4 import BeautifulSouphtml_doc = """<html><head><title>The Dormouse‘s story</title></head><body> ...</body></html>"""soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml") |
1. name，标签名称
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# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# name = tag.name # 获取# print(name)# tag.name = ‘span‘ # 设置# print(soup) |
2. attr，标签属性
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# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# attrs = tag.attrs # 获取# print(attrs)# tag.attrs = {‘ik‘:123} # 设置# tag.attrs[‘id‘] = ‘iiiii‘ # 设置# print(soup) |
3. children,所有子标签
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# body = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = body.children |
4. children,所有子子孙孙标签
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# body = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = body.descendants |
5. clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空（保留标签名）
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# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# tag.clear()# print(soup) |
6. decompose,递归的删除所有的标签
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# body = soup.find(‘body‘)# body.decompose()# print(soup) |
7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签，并获取删除的标签
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# body = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = body.extract()# print(soup) |
8. decode,转换为字符串（含当前标签）；decode_contents（不含当前标签）
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# body = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = body.decode()# v = body.decode_contents()# print(v) |
9. encode,转换为字节（含当前标签）；encode_contents（不含当前标签）
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# body = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = body.encode()# v = body.encode_contents()# print(v) |
10. find,获取匹配的第一个标签
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# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# print(tag)# tag = soup.find(name=‘a‘, attrs={‘class‘: ‘sister‘}, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)# tag = soup.find(name=‘a‘, class_=‘sister‘, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)# print(tag) |
11. find_all,获取匹配的所有标签
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# tags = soup.find_all(‘a‘)# print(tags)# tags = soup.find_all(‘a‘,limit=1)# print(tags)# tags = soup.find_all(name=‘a‘, attrs={‘class‘: ‘sister‘}, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)# # tags = soup.find(name=‘a‘, class_=‘sister‘, recursive=True, text=‘Lacie‘)# print(tags)# ####### 列表 ######## v = soup.find_all(name=[‘a‘,‘div‘])# print(v)# v = soup.find_all(class_=[‘sister0‘, ‘sister‘])# print(v)# v = soup.find_all(text=[‘Tillie‘])# print(v, type(v[0]))# v = soup.find_all(id=[‘link1‘,‘link2‘])# print(v)# v = soup.find_all(href=http://www.mamicode.com/[‘link1‘,‘link2‘])# print(v)# ####### 正则 #######import re# rep = re.compile(‘p‘)# rep = re.compile(‘^p‘)# v = soup.find_all(name=rep)# print(v)# rep = re.compile(‘sister.*‘)# v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)# print(v)# rep = re.compile(‘http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*‘)# v = soup.find_all(href=http://www.mamicode.com/rep)# print(v)# ####### 方法筛选 ######## def func(tag):# return tag.has_attr(‘class‘) and tag.has_attr(‘id‘)# v = soup.find_all(name=func)# print(v)# ## get,获取标签属性# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# v = tag.get(‘id‘)# print(v) |
12. has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性
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# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# v = tag.has_attr(‘id‘)# print(v) |
13. get_text,获取标签内部文本内容
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# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# v = tag.get_text(‘id‘)# print(v) |
14. index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置
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# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = tag.index(tag.find(‘div‘))# print(v)# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# for i,v in enumerate(tag):# print(i,v) |
15. is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签，
判断是否是如下标签：‘br‘ , ‘hr‘, ‘input‘, ‘img‘, ‘meta‘,‘spacer‘, ‘link‘, ‘frame‘, ‘base‘
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# tag = soup.find(‘br‘)# v = tag.is_empty_element# print(v) |
16. 当前的关联标签
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# soup.next# soup.next_element# soup.next_elements# soup.next_sibling# soup.next_siblings## tag.previous# tag.previous_element# tag.previous_elements# tag.previous_sibling# tag.previous_siblings## tag.parent# tag.parents |
17. 查找某标签的关联标签
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# tag.find_next(...)# tag.find_all_next(...)# tag.find_next_sibling(...)# tag.find_next_siblings(...)# tag.find_previous(...)# tag.find_all_previous(...)# tag.find_previous_sibling(...)# tag.find_previous_siblings(...)# tag.find_parent(...)# tag.find_parents(...)# 参数同find_all |
18. select,select_one, CSS选择器
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soup.select("title")soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")soup.select("body a")soup.select("html head title")tag = soup.select("span,a")soup.select("head > title")soup.select("p > a")soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")soup.select("p > #link1")soup.select("body > a")soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")soup.select("#link1 + .sister")soup.select(".sister")soup.select("[class~=sister]")soup.select("#link1")soup.select("a#link2")soup.select(‘a[href]‘)soup.select(‘a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]‘)soup.select(‘a[href^="http://example.com/"]‘)soup.select(‘a[href$="tillie"]‘)soup.select(‘a[href*=".com/el"]‘)from bs4.element import Tagdef default_candidate_generator(tag): for child in tag.descendants: if not isinstance(child, Tag): continue if not child.has_attr(‘href‘): continue yield childtags = soup.find(‘body‘).select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)print(type(tags), tags)from bs4.element import Tagdef default_candidate_generator(tag): for child in tag.descendants: if not isinstance(child, Tag): continue if not child.has_attr(‘href‘): continue yield childtags = soup.find(‘body‘).select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)print(type(tags), tags) |
19. 标签的内容
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# tag = soup.find(‘span‘)# print(tag.string) # 获取# tag.string = ‘new content‘ # 设置# print(soup)# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# print(tag.string)# tag.string = ‘xxx‘# print(soup)# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# v = tag.stripped_strings # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本# print(v) |
20.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签
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# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# tag.append(soup.find(‘a‘))# print(soup)## from bs4.element import Tag# obj = Tag(name=‘i‘,attrs={‘id‘: ‘it‘})# obj.string = ‘我是一个新来的‘# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# tag.append(obj)# print(soup) |
21.insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签
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# from bs4.element import Tag# obj = Tag(name=‘i‘, attrs={‘id‘: ‘it‘})# obj.string = ‘我是一个新来的‘# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# tag.insert(2, obj)# print(soup) |
22. insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入
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# from bs4.element import Tag# obj = Tag(name=‘i‘, attrs={‘id‘: ‘it‘})# obj.string = ‘我是一个新来的‘# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)# # tag.insert_before(obj)# tag.insert_after(obj)# print(soup) |
23. replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签
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# from bs4.element import Tag# obj = Tag(name=‘i‘, attrs={‘id‘: ‘it‘})# obj.string = ‘我是一个新来的‘# tag = soup.find(‘div‘)# tag.replace_with(obj)# print(soup) |
24. 创建标签之间的关系
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# tag = soup.find(‘div‘)# a = soup.find(‘a‘)# tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)# print(tag.previous_sibling) |
25. wrap，将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来
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# from bs4.element import Tag# obj1 = Tag(name=‘div‘, attrs={‘id‘: ‘it‘})# obj1.string = ‘我是一个新来的‘## tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# v = tag.wrap(obj1)# print(soup)# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# v = tag.wrap(soup.find(‘p‘))# print(soup) |
26. unwrap，去掉当前标签，将保留其包裹的标签
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# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)# v = tag.unwrap()# print(soup) |
三 设计request方式
1 通过requests.session()访问主页
session方式请求的优点是不用再来回分析cookies带来的影响。
r0 = se.get( url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com" )
返回值是整个html页面。
2 通过post方式将身份信息传回
在浏览器上分析后发现登陆的url是：
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/bizlogin?action=startlogin
再起requesthead中发送的data模式为：
{
"username":‘********@qq.com‘,
"pwd":pwd,
"imgcode":None,
"f":"json",
}
查看返回的内容：
{"base_resp":{"err_msg":"ok","ret":0},"redirect_url":"/cgi-bin/readtemplate?t=user/validate_wx_tmpl&lang=zh_CN&account=1972124257%40qq.com&appticket=18193cc664f191a1a93e&bindalias=cg2***16&mobile=132******69&wx_protect=1&grey=1"}
返回了一个redirect连接。经过和“https://www.mp.weixin,com”的拼接为第三次请求的url。
其中注意：1通过对登陆事件的查看发现了在发送前，有经过密码的md5的简单处理。JS源码：
pwd:$.md5(o.substr(0,16)),取前16位进行MD5加密。2在之后的请求中都要在头中加上Referer信息：即之前访问的url。
3 get请求第二步拼接的url
查看返回：
是一个整的html页面即扫码验证的页面。
查看其network发现页面通过js一直一秒一个朝着一个url发送请求：判断其是在ask服务器扫码是否通过。
这里涉及到的requests模块拿到的html页面无法得到js渲染的内容。所以这里的二维码的img的标签想要通过soup格式化是拿不到的：
<a class="qrcode js_qrcode"src=""></a>
所以想要拿到这个二维码必须通过其他模块来模拟，这里是通过分析二维码的url来自己生成url（因为二维码验证和验证码是同一个原理，只要我们先发送一个带有keys的图片给服务器，服务器会得到这个keys记录在cookie中，并等待手机端的扫码。手机端的扫码也是通过分析图像得到keys发送给服务器，服务器验证后在返回给我们一个status为1.在后几步的实现中会有所体现）。
so，在浏览器提取到二维码的src是一下格式：
/cgi-bin/loginqrcode?action=getqrcode¶m=4300&rd=72
每次不同的图片对应不同的rd随机数。所以这里只要随便get一个类似url就行(后台的反应大概是拿到path和后面的rd随机数，并将二维码keys绑定在cookie中等待验证)：
r3 = se.get( "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/loginqrcode?action=getqrcode¶m=4300&rd=154" ) re_r3 = r3.content with open("reqqq.jpg","wb") as f: f.write(re_r3)
上述代码将二维码照片保存在了本地，通过自己的手机扫码验证。（因为涉及到了安卓这里手动扫）并且通过一个input使脚本block住防止丢失session。
4 在正常的浏览器登陆中扫码后自动登陆
通过两种方式可以知道这其中到底发生了什么：
1 查看源码：发现js一秒一次发送的请求返回的都是status都是0，只有扫码验证后返回的是1。后又post请求一个：
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/bizlogin?action=login&token=&lang=zh_CN
2 通过chrome浏览器的preserveLog方式找到这一次的请求。查看url。
其实这一次的post请求时在告诉服务器万事俱备，只差token。服务器返回主页面的url：（放在redirect中）
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/home?t=home/index&lang=zh_CN&token=54546879
5 最后一次请求上述的url后进入主页面
r6 = se.get( url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/home?t=home/index&lang=zh_CN&token=%s"%(token), headers={ "Referer": redirect, "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1", }, )
登陆done，之后会有beautifulsoup分析页面发送消息。。。
源码
1 # _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_ 2 # _author:khal_Cgg 3 # _date:2017/2/10 4 import hashlib 5 def create_md5(need_date): 6 m = hashlib.md5() 7 m.update(bytes(str(need_date), encoding=‘utf-8‘)) 8 return m.hexdigest() 9 10 pwd = create_md5("*******") 11 12 import requests 13 se = requests.Session() 14 r0 = se.get( 15 url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com" 16 ) 17 print("===================>",r0.text) 18 r1 = se.post(url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/bizlogin?action=startlogin", 19 data=http://www.mamicode.com/{ 20 "username":‘*******@qq.com‘, 21 "pwd":pwd, 22 "imgcode":None, 23 "f":"json", 24 }, 25 headers={ 26 "Referer":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com", 27 "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.87 Safari/537.36" 28 }, 29 ) 30 31 print("===================>",r1.text) 32 redirect = r1.json()["redirect_url"] 33 redirect="https://mp.weixin.qq.com"+redirect 34 r2 = se.request( 35 method="get", 36 url=redirect, 37 ) 38 print("===================>",r2.text) 39 r3 = se.get( 40 "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/loginqrcode?action=getqrcode¶m=4300&rd=154" 41 ) 42 re_r3 = r3.content 43 with open("reqqq.jpg","wb") as f: 44 f.write(re_r3) 45 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 46 import re 47 # soup = BeautifulSoup(erweima,"html.parser") 48 # tag_erweima = soup.find_all(name="img",attrs={"class":"qrcode js_qrcode"}) 49 # # print(tag_erweima) 50 # # print(r2.text) 51 print(redirect) 52 # aim_text = r1.text 53 # print(aim_text) 54 # soup = BeautifulSoup(aim_text,"html.parser") 55 # tete = soup.find_all(name="div",attrs={"class":"user_info"}) 56 # print(tete) 57 # token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)",aim_text) 58 # token = "1528871467" 59 60 # print(token) 61 # user_send_form = { 62 # "token":token, 63 # "lang":"zh_cn", 64 # "f":"json", 65 # "ajax":"1", 66 # "random":"0.7277543939038833", 67 # "user_opnid":‘oDm6kwV1TS913EeqE7gxMyTLrBcU‘ 68 # } 69 # r3 =se.post( 70 # url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag?action=get_fans_info", 71 # data=http://www.mamicode.com/user_send_form, 72 # headers={ 73 # "Referer":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com", 74 # } 75 # ) 76 # print( 77 # r3.text, 78 # ) 79 yanzheng = input("===>") 80 if yanzheng=="1": 81 r4 =se.get( 82 url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/loginqrcode?action=ask&token=&lang=zh_CN&token=&lang=zh_CN&f=json&ajax=1&random=0.28636331791065484", 83 headers = { 84 "Referer": redirect, 85 "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1" 86 }, 87 ) 88 # print(r4.text) 89 # print(r4.cookies) 90 r5 = se.post( 91 url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/bizlogin?action=login&token=&lang=zh_CN", 92 headers={ 93 "Referer":redirect, 94 "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests":"1" 95 }, 96 ) 97 # print(r4.text) 98 end = r5.text 99 token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", end)[0] 100 print(token,type(token)) 101 r6 = se.get( 102 url="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/home?t=home/index&lang=zh_CN&token=%s"%(token), 103 headers={ 104 "Referer": redirect, 105 "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1", 106 }, 107 ) 108 print(r6.text)
不足
- 为什么不能allow_redirect？加上也不能跳转，对requests模块不足够了解。
- 对cookies的分析，哪个有用与没用。
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