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Golang 效率初(粗)测
从接触 Golang 开始,断断续续已有差不多一年左右的时间了,都是业余自己学学看看,尚主要限于语法及语言特性,还没有用它写过实际的项目。
关于 Golang 的语法及语言特性,网上有很多资源可以学习。后面某个时间,我也许会写一篇粗浅的文章,来比较一下 Golang 和 C++、Delphi 甚至 C# 等语言语法方面的特性。
我算是个急性子的人(当然,现在好一些了),于是作为码农,显而易见会对“效率”比较敏感。这里的效率不单单指编译器生成的机器码优化程度,也包括编译器的编译速度,所以我对 C++ 兴趣不算大,虽然它是我平时的工作语言。
言归正传。
分别用 Golang、C++、Delphi 写了四个小例子,包括普通的应用场景、字符串(串接)操作及数据密集计算(当然也会涉及到譬如库函数的优化等)。我的电脑软硬件环境为:Win7 64bit,Xeon E3-1230(8核),16G RAM。Golang 版本是 1.3.1 Windows/386,VC 则用的 VS 2012,而 Delphi 则用的 XE6 Update1。VC 和 Delphi 编译设置为 Win32 & Release,Golang 则使用默认配置。
首先是计算 π 的例子,代码分别如下。
Golang:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
const cNumMax = 999999999
func main() {
sign := 1.0
pi := 0.0
t1 := time.Now()
for i := 1; i < cNumMax+2; i += 2 {
pi += (1.0 / float64(i)) * sign
sign = -sign
}
pi *= 4
t2 := time.Now()
fmt.Printf("PI = %f; Time = %d\n", pi, t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
}
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <stdio.h>#include <time.h>int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){ const int cNumMax = 999999999; double sign = 1.0; double pi = 0; clock_t t1 = clock(); for (int i = 1; i < cNumMax + 2; i += 2) { pi += (1.0f / (double)i) * sign; sign = -sign; } pi *= 4; clock_t t2 = clock(); printf("PI = %lf; Time = %d\n", pi, t2 - t1); return 0;}
Delphi:
program PiCalcer;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const cNumMax = 999999999;var Sign: Double = 1.0; Pi : Double = 0.0; I : Integer; T1 : Double; T2 : Double; S : string;begin T1 := Now; I := 1; while I < cNumMax + 2 do begin Pi := Pi + (1.0 / I) * Sign; Sign := -Sign; I := I + 2; end; Pi := Pi * 4; T2 := Now; S := Format(‘PI = %.6f; Time = %d‘, [Pi, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]); Writeln(S); Readln;end.
分别执行 10 次,结果如下(单位:毫秒):
Golang:2038 2028 2036 2024 2034 2015 2034 2018 2024 2018,平均:2026.9;
C++ :2041 2052 2062 2036 2033 2049 2039 2026 2037 2038,平均:2041.3;
Delphi :2594 2572 2574 2584 2574 2564 2575 2575 2571 2563,平均:2574.6。
结果居然很不错,比 VC 还快,而 Delphi,大家都懂,优化向来不是它的“强项”。
然后是个质数生成例子。
Golang:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
const cNumMax = 10000000
func main() {
t1 := time.Now()
var nums [cNumMax + 1]int
var i, j int
for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
nums[i] = i
}
for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
j = 2
for j*i < cNumMax+1 {
nums[j*i] = 0
j++
}
}
cnt := 0
for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
if nums[i] != 0 {
cnt++
}
}
t2 := time.Now()
fmt.Println("Time:", t2.Sub(t1), " Count:", cnt)
}
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <stdlib.h>#include <time.h>const int cNumMax = 10000000;int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){ clock_t t1 = clock(); int *nums = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * (cNumMax + 1)); int i; for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++) { nums[i] = i; } int j; for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++) { j = 2; while (j * i < cNumMax + 1) { nums[j * i] = 0; j++; } } int cnt = 0; for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++) { if (nums[i] != 0) { cnt++; } } free(nums); clock_t t2 = clock(); printf("Time: %dms; Count: %d\n", t2 - t1, cnt);}
Delphi:
program PrimeSieve;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const cNumMax = 10000000;var T1, T2: Double; I, J : Integer; Cnt : Integer; Nums : array of Integer;begin T1 := Now; SetLength(Nums, cNumMax + 1); for I := 2 to cNumMax do Nums[I] := I; for I := 2 to cNumMax do begin J := 2; while J * I < cNumMax + 1 do begin Nums[J * I] := 0; Inc(J); end; end; Cnt := 0; for I := 2 to cNumMax do begin if Nums[I] <> 0 then Inc(Cnt); end; SetLength(Nums, 0); T2 := Now; Writeln(Format(‘Cnt = %d; Time = %d‘, [Cnt, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)])); Readln;end.
同样分别执行 10 次,结果如下(单位:毫秒):
Golang:959 957 959 953 961 951 948 956 956 956,平均:955.6;
C++ :965 965 967 953 961 964 963 960 956 956,平均:961;
Delphi : 973 976 973 982 981 970 977 979 971 977,平均:975.9;
仍然,Golang 看上去最快,而 Delphi 则很正常地居末。
所以我忍不住想要来一个能展现 Delphi 优点的例子,这个例子几乎毫无疑问,和字符串操作(及内存管理器)相关,所以有如下字符串串接的示例(其中涉及到了譬如 IntToStr / itoa 这样的函数调用,我自己实现了个 C++ 版的 IntToStr)。
Golang:
package main
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"strconv"
"time"
)
const cNumMax = 1000000
// bytes.Buffer(7.2.6)
func testViaBuffer() string {
var buf bytes.Buffer
for i := 0; i < cNumMax; i++ {
buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(i))
}
return buf.String()
}
// +=
func testViaNormal() string {
var ret string
for i := 0; i < cNumMax; i++ {
ret += strconv.Itoa(i)
}
return ret
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("Test via bytes.Buffer...")
t1 := time.Now()
s := testViaBuffer()
t2 := time.Now()
fmt.Printf("Result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms\n\n", s[2000:2005], len(s), t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
fmt.Println("Test via normal way...")
t1 = time.Now()
s = testViaNormal()
t2 = time.Now()
fmt.Printf("Result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms\n", s[2000:2005], len(s), t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
}
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <time.h>#include <stdarg.h>#include <string>#include <iostream>using namespace std;const int cNumMax = 1000000;wstring FormatV(const wchar_t* pwcFormat, va_list argList){ wstring ws; int nLen = _vscwprintf(pwcFormat, argList); if (nLen > 0) { ws.resize(nLen); vswprintf_s(&ws[0], nLen + 1, pwcFormat, argList); } return ws;}wstring __cdecl Format(const wchar_t* pwcFormat, ...){ va_list argList; va_start(argList, pwcFormat); wstring ws = FormatV(pwcFormat, argList); va_end(argList); return ws;}string FormatVA(const char* pcFormat, va_list argList){ string s; int nLen = _vscprintf(pcFormat, argList); if (nLen > 0) { s.resize(nLen); vsprintf_s(&s[0], nLen + 1, pcFormat, argList); } return s;}string __cdecl FormatA(const char* pcFormat, ...){ va_list argList; va_start(argList, pcFormat); string s = FormatVA(pcFormat, argList); va_end(argList); return s;}wstring IntToStr(int nValue){ return Format(L"%d", nValue);}string IntToStrA(int nValue){ return FormatA("%d", nValue);}wstring testW(){ wstring ret = L""; for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++) { ret += IntToStr(i); } return ret;}string test(){ string ret = ""; for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++) { ret += IntToStrA(i); } return ret;}int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){ cout << "Starting test with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl; clock_t t1 = clock(); string s = test(); clock_t t2 = clock(); cout << "Result: " << s.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << s.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl; cout << endl; cout << "Starting test for WSTRING with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl; t1 = clock(); wstring ws = testW(); t2 = clock(); wcout << "Result: " << ws.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << ws.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl; return 0;}
Delphi:
program StrPerformanceTest;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const cNumMax = 1000000;function TestViaStringBuilder: string;var SB: TStringBuilder; I : Integer;begin SB := TStringBuilder.Create; for I := 0 to cNumMax - 1 do SB.Append(IntToStr(I)); Result := SB.ToString; FreeAndNil(SB);end;function TestViaNormal: string;var I : Integer;begin Result := ‘‘; for I := 0 to cNumMax - 1 do Result := Result + IntToStr(I);end;var T1: Double; T2: Double; S : string;begin Writeln(‘Starting test with a loop num of ‘, cNumMax, ‘...‘); T1 := Now; S := TestViaStringBuilder; T2 := Now; Writeln(Format(‘Test via TStringBuilder result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms‘, [Copy(S, 2001, 5), Length(S), MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)])); T1 := Now; S := TestViaNormal; T2 := Now; Writeln(Format(‘Test via normal-way(+=) result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms‘, [Copy(S, 2001, 5), Length(S), MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)])); Readln;end.
分别执行 10 次(单位:毫秒)。悲剧的是,Golang 里的字符串 += 操作实在太慢了,我实在不想等下去,所以只给出了其官方推荐的使用 bytes.Buffer 的结果。而在这个例子中,Delphi 使用 TStringBuilder 并未显示出什么优化(FastMM 实在太强悍了!),所以我也只给出了普通的串接结果(AnsiString 和 string 都是 Delphi 的原生类型,效率上应没有什么差别,所以这里只测试了 string)。
Golang :141 148 134 119 133 123 145 127 122 132,平均:132.4;
C++(std::string) :384 400 384 385 389 391 389 384 390 383,平均:387.9;
C++(std::wstring) :519 521 522 521 519 522 518 519 518 518,平均:519.7;
Delphi(string) :41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 44 41,平均:41.3;
果然,Delphi 大幅领先,当然这主要归功于 FastMM,这个开源的 Pascal 家族的内存管理器实在太强大了!
当然这个测试对 C++ 并不公平,因为 Golang 的写法并非普通的串接,只是我不知道 STL 或 Boost 里有无类似 StringBuilder 这样的利器呢?
最后是个数据密集计算型的例子,结果如下(单位:毫秒)。
Golang:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
const cSize int = 30
type mymatrix [cSize][cSize]int
func mkmatrix(rows, cols int, mx *mymatrix) {
rows--
cols--
count := 1
for r := 0; r <= rows; r++ {
for c := 0; c <= cols; c++ {
mx[r][c] = count
count++
}
}
}
func multmatrix(rows, cols int, m1, m2 *mymatrix, mm *mymatrix) {
rows--
cols--
for i := 0; i <= rows; i++ {
for j := 0; j <= cols; j++ {
val := 0
for k := 0; k <= cols; k++ {
val += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
mm[i][j] = val
}
}
}
}
func main() {
var m1, m2, mm mymatrix
mkmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m1)
mkmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m2)
t0 := time.Now()
for i := 0; i <= 100000; i++ {
multmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m1, &m2, &mm)
}
t := time.Since(t0)
fmt.Println(mm[0][0], mm[2][3], mm[3][2], mm[4][4], mm[29][29])
fmt.Println("tick = ", t)
}
C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <time.h>#include <iostream>using namespace std;const int MATRIX_SIZE = 30;int Matrix[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE];void MakeMatrix(int rows, int cols, int mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE]){ rows--; cols--; int count = 1; for (int r = 0; r <= rows; r++) { for (int c = 0; c <= cols; c++) { mx[r][c] = count; count++; } }}void MatrixMult(int rows, int cols, const int m1[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], const int m2[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], int mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE]){ rows--; cols--; int val; for (int i = 0; i <= rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <= cols; j++) { val = 0; for (int k = 0; k <= cols; k++) { val += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]; mx[i][j] = val; } } }}int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){ int num = 100000; int m1[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], m2[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE]; MakeMatrix(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m1); MakeMatrix(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m2); clock_t t1 = clock(); for (int i = 0; i <= num; i++) { MatrixMult(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m1, m2, mx); } clock_t t2 = clock(); cout << mx[0][0] << " " << mx[2][3] << " " << mx[3][2] << " " << mx[4][4] << endl; cout << t2 - t1 << " ms" << endl; return 0;}
Delphi:
program Project1;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const cSize = 30;type TMatrix = array[0..cSize - 1, 0..cSize - 1] of Integer;procedure MakeMatrix(Rows, Cols: Integer; var Mx: TMatrix);var R, C, Count: Integer;begin Dec(Rows); Dec(Cols); Count := 1; for R := 0 to Rows do for C := 0 to Cols do begin Mx[R, C] := Count; Inc(Count); end;end;procedure MatrixMult(Rows, Cols: Integer; const M1, M2: TMatrix; var Mx: TMatrix); inline;var I, J, K, Val: Integer;begin Dec(Rows); Dec(Cols); for I := 0 to Rows do for J := 0 to Cols do begin Val := 0; for K := 0 to Cols do Inc(Val, M1[I, K] * M2[K, J]); Mx[I, J] := Val; end;end;var Num, I : Integer; M1, M2, Mx: TMatrix; T1, T2 : Double;begin Num := 100000; MakeMatrix(cSize, cSize, M1); MakeMatrix(cSize, cSize, M2); T1 := Now; for I := 0 to Num do MatrixMult(cSize, cSize, M1, M2, Mx); T2 := Now; WriteLn(Mx[0, 0], ‘ ‘, Mx[2, 3], ‘ ‘, Mx[3, 2], ‘ ‘, Mx[4, 4], ‘ ‘, mx[29, 29]); WriteLn(‘ C = ‘, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1), ‘ ms‘);end.
分别执行 10 次后结果如下(单位:毫秒)。
Golang:8757 8790 8713 8748 8737 8744 8752 8752 8746 8754,平均:8749.3;
C++ :1723 1735 1714 1707 1713 1725 1708 1723 1720 1725,平均:1719.3;
Delphi :2384 2362 2359 2389 2362 2351 2340 2352 2356 2352,平均:2360.7;
在这样的密集运算例子里,Golang 的表现实在很差,Golang 的编译器优化很有很长的路。而 Delphi 则不出意外,不温不火,勉强也还算能接受吧。
至此,或许大致可以这样初步评断,Golang 在大部分应用场景下在效率方面是满足要求的,而若涉及到密集运算,当前比较好的方法应该是要通过 CGo 了。考虑到 Golang 强大的 goroutine 和 channel、丰富的标准库(譬如网络方面)、精简的语法和非常快速的编译速度(几乎媲美 Delphi),后端开发尝试下 Golang 应是比较可行的,而也确实有不少早已用 Golang 作后端开发的项目实例了。
注:关于 Golang 的语言语法及并行方面的特性,过段时间再浅叙。
Golang 效率初(粗)测