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Golang 效率初(粗)测

    从接触 Golang 开始,断断续续已有差不多一年左右的时间了,都是业余自己学学看看,尚主要限于语法及语言特性,还没有用它写过实际的项目。

    关于 Golang 的语法及语言特性,网上有很多资源可以学习。后面某个时间,我也许会写一篇粗浅的文章,来比较一下 Golang 和 C++、Delphi 甚至 C# 等语言语法方面的特性。

    我算是个急性子的人(当然,现在好一些了),于是作为码农,显而易见会对“效率”比较敏感。这里的效率不单单指编译器生成的机器码优化程度,也包括编译器的编译速度,所以我对 C++ 兴趣不算大,虽然它是我平时的工作语言。

 

    言归正传。

    分别用 Golang、C++、Delphi 写了四个小例子,包括普通的应用场景、字符串(串接)操作及数据密集计算(当然也会涉及到譬如库函数的优化等)。我的电脑软硬件环境为:Win7 64bit,Xeon E3-1230(8核),16G RAM。Golang 版本是 1.3.1 Windows/386,VC 则用的 VS 2012,而 Delphi 则用的 XE6 Update1。VC 和 Delphi 编译设置为 Win32 & Release,Golang 则使用默认配置。

    首先是计算 π 的例子,代码分别如下。

    Golang:

package main
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
const cNumMax = 999999999
func main() {
    sign := 1.0
    pi := 0.0
    t1 := time.Now()
    for i := 1; i < cNumMax+2; i += 2 {
        pi += (1.0 / float64(i)) * sign
        sign = -sign
    }
    pi *= 4
    t2 := time.Now()
    fmt.Printf("PI = %f; Time = %d\n", pi, t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
}

C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <stdio.h>#include <time.h>int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){    const int cNumMax = 999999999;	double sign = 1.0;    double pi = 0;    clock_t t1 = clock();    for (int i = 1; i < cNumMax + 2; i += 2)    {        pi += (1.0f / (double)i) * sign;        sign = -sign;    }    pi *= 4;    clock_t t2 = clock();    printf("PI = %lf; Time = %d\n", pi, t2 - t1);    return 0;}

    Delphi:

program PiCalcer;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const  cNumMax = 999999999;var  Sign: Double = 1.0;  Pi  : Double = 0.0;  I   : Integer;  T1  : Double;  T2  : Double;  S   : string;begin  T1 := Now;  I := 1;  while I < cNumMax + 2 do  begin    Pi := Pi + (1.0 / I) * Sign;    Sign := -Sign;    I := I + 2;  end;  Pi := Pi * 4;  T2 := Now;  S := Format(‘PI = %.6f; Time = %d‘, [Pi, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]);  Writeln(S);  Readln;end.

    分别执行 10 次,结果如下(单位:毫秒):

    Golang:2038 2028 2036 2024 2034 2015 2034 2018 2024 2018,平均:2026.9;

    C++     :2041 2052 2062 2036 2033 2049 2039 2026 2037 2038,平均:2041.3;

    Delphi :2594 2572 2574 2584 2574 2564 2575 2575 2571 2563,平均:2574.6。

    结果居然很不错,比 VC 还快,而 Delphi,大家都懂,优化向来不是它的“强项”。

 

    然后是个质数生成例子。

    Golang:

package main
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
const cNumMax = 10000000
func main() {
    t1 := time.Now()
    var nums [cNumMax + 1]int
    var i, j int
    for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
        nums[i] = i
    }
    for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
        j = 2
        for j*i < cNumMax+1 {
            nums[j*i] = 0
            j++
        }
    }
    cnt := 0
    for i = 2; i < cNumMax+1; i++ {
        if nums[i] != 0 {
            cnt++
        }
    }
    t2 := time.Now()
    fmt.Println("Time:", t2.Sub(t1), " Count:", cnt)
}

C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <stdlib.h>#include <time.h>const int cNumMax = 10000000;int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){    clock_t t1 = clock();    int *nums = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * (cNumMax + 1));    int i;    for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++)    {        nums[i] = i;    }    int j;    for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++)    {        j = 2;        while (j * i < cNumMax + 1)        {            nums[j * i] = 0;            j++;        }    }    int cnt = 0;    for (i = 2; i < cNumMax + 1; i++)    {        if (nums[i] != 0)        {            cnt++;        }    }    free(nums);    clock_t t2 = clock();    printf("Time: %dms; Count: %d\n", t2 - t1, cnt);}

  

    Delphi:

program PrimeSieve;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const  cNumMax = 10000000;var  T1, T2: Double;  I, J  : Integer;  Cnt   : Integer;  Nums  : array of Integer;begin  T1 := Now;  SetLength(Nums, cNumMax + 1);  for I := 2 to cNumMax do    Nums[I] := I;  for I := 2 to cNumMax do  begin    J := 2;    while J * I < cNumMax + 1 do    begin      Nums[J * I] := 0;      Inc(J);    end;  end;  Cnt := 0;  for I := 2 to cNumMax do  begin    if Nums[I] <> 0 then      Inc(Cnt);  end;  SetLength(Nums, 0);  T2 := Now;  Writeln(Format(‘Cnt = %d; Time = %d‘, [Cnt, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]));  Readln;end.

  

    同样分别执行 10 次,结果如下(单位:毫秒):

    Golang:959 957 959 953 961 951 948 956 956 956,平均:955.6;

    C++     :965 965 967 953 961 964 963 960 956 956,平均:961;

    Delphi : 973 976 973 982 981 970 977 979 971 977,平均:975.9;

    仍然,Golang 看上去最快,而 Delphi 则很正常地居末。

 

    所以我忍不住想要来一个能展现 Delphi 优点的例子,这个例子几乎毫无疑问,和字符串操作(及内存管理器)相关,所以有如下字符串串接的示例(其中涉及到了譬如 IntToStr / itoa 这样的函数调用,我自己实现了个 C++ 版的 IntToStr)。

    Golang:

package main
import (
    "bytes"
    "fmt"
    "strconv"
    "time"
)
const cNumMax = 1000000
// bytes.Buffer(7.2.6)
func testViaBuffer() string {
    var buf bytes.Buffer
    for i := 0; i < cNumMax; i++ {
        buf.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(i))
    }
    return buf.String()
}
// +=
func testViaNormal() string {
    var ret string
    for i := 0; i < cNumMax; i++ {
        ret += strconv.Itoa(i)
    }
    return ret
}
func main() {
    fmt.Println("Test via bytes.Buffer...")
    t1 := time.Now()
    s := testViaBuffer()
    t2 := time.Now()
    fmt.Printf("Result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms\n\n", s[2000:2005], len(s), t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
    fmt.Println("Test via normal way...")
    t1 = time.Now()
    s = testViaNormal()
    t2 = time.Now()
    fmt.Printf("Result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms\n", s[2000:2005], len(s), t2.Sub(t1)/time.Millisecond)
}

C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <time.h>#include <stdarg.h>#include <string>#include <iostream>using namespace std;const int cNumMax = 1000000;wstring FormatV(const wchar_t* pwcFormat, va_list argList){    wstring ws;    int nLen = _vscwprintf(pwcFormat, argList);    if (nLen > 0)    {        ws.resize(nLen);        vswprintf_s(&ws[0], nLen + 1, pwcFormat, argList);    }    return ws;}wstring __cdecl Format(const wchar_t* pwcFormat, ...){    va_list argList;    va_start(argList, pwcFormat);    wstring ws = FormatV(pwcFormat, argList);        va_end(argList);    return ws;}string FormatVA(const char* pcFormat, va_list argList){    string s;    int nLen = _vscprintf(pcFormat, argList);    if (nLen > 0)    {        s.resize(nLen);        vsprintf_s(&s[0], nLen + 1, pcFormat, argList);    }    return s;}string __cdecl FormatA(const char* pcFormat, ...){    va_list argList;    va_start(argList, pcFormat);    string s = FormatVA(pcFormat, argList);    va_end(argList);    return s;}wstring IntToStr(int nValue){    return Format(L"%d", nValue);}string IntToStrA(int nValue){    return FormatA("%d", nValue);}wstring testW(){    wstring ret = L"";    for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++)    {        ret += IntToStr(i);    }    return ret;}string test(){    string ret = "";    for (int i = 0; i < cNumMax; i++)    {        ret += IntToStrA(i);    }    return ret;}int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){    cout << "Starting test with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl;    clock_t t1 = clock();    string s = test();    clock_t t2 = clock();       cout << "Result: " << s.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << s.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl;    cout << endl;    cout << "Starting test for WSTRING with a loop num of " << cNumMax << endl;    t1 = clock();    wstring ws = testW();    t2 = clock();       wcout << "Result: " << ws.substr(2000, 5) << "..." << "; Size: " << ws.size() << "; Time: " << t2 - t1 << "ms" << endl;    return 0;}

  

    Delphi:

program StrPerformanceTest;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const  cNumMax = 1000000;function TestViaStringBuilder: string;var  SB: TStringBuilder;  I : Integer;begin  SB := TStringBuilder.Create;  for I := 0 to cNumMax - 1 do    SB.Append(IntToStr(I));  Result := SB.ToString;  FreeAndNil(SB);end;function TestViaNormal: string;var  I : Integer;begin  Result := ‘‘;  for I := 0 to cNumMax - 1 do    Result := Result + IntToStr(I);end;var  T1: Double;  T2: Double;  S : string;begin  Writeln(‘Starting test with a loop num of ‘, cNumMax, ‘...‘);  T1 := Now;  S := TestViaStringBuilder;  T2 := Now;  Writeln(Format(‘Test via TStringBuilder result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms‘, [Copy(S, 2001, 5), Length(S), MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]));  T1 := Now;  S := TestViaNormal;  T2 := Now;  Writeln(Format(‘Test via normal-way(+=) result: %s...(Length = %d); Time: %dms‘, [Copy(S, 2001, 5), Length(S), MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1)]));  Readln;end.

 分别执行 10 次(单位:毫秒)。悲剧的是,Golang 里的字符串 += 操作实在太慢了,我实在不想等下去,所以只给出了其官方推荐的使用 bytes.Buffer 的结果。而在这个例子中,Delphi 使用 TStringBuilder 并未显示出什么优化(FastMM 实在太强悍了!),所以我也只给出了普通的串接结果(AnsiString 和 string 都是 Delphi 的原生类型,效率上应没有什么差别,所以这里只测试了 string)。

    Golang                    :141 148 134 119 133 123 145 127 122 132,平均:132.4;

    C++(std::string)   :384 400 384 385 389 391 389 384 390 383,平均:387.9;

    C++(std::wstring) :519 521 522 521 519 522 518 519 518 518,平均:519.7;

    Delphi(string)       :41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 44 41,平均:41.3;

    果然,Delphi 大幅领先,当然这主要归功于 FastMM,这个开源的 Pascal 家族的内存管理器实在太强大了!

    当然这个测试对 C++ 并不公平,因为 Golang 的写法并非普通的串接,只是我不知道 STL 或 Boost 里有无类似 StringBuilder 这样的利器呢?

 

    最后是个数据密集计算型的例子,结果如下(单位:毫秒)。

    Golang:

package main
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
const cSize int = 30
type mymatrix [cSize][cSize]int
func mkmatrix(rows, cols int, mx *mymatrix) {
    rows--
    cols--
    count := 1
    for r := 0; r <= rows; r++ {
        for c := 0; c <= cols; c++ {
            mx[r][c] = count
            count++
        }
    }
}
func multmatrix(rows, cols int, m1, m2 *mymatrix, mm *mymatrix) {
    rows--
    cols--
    for i := 0; i <= rows; i++ {
        for j := 0; j <= cols; j++ {
            val := 0
            for k := 0; k <= cols; k++ {
                val += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
                mm[i][j] = val
            }
        }
    }
}
func main() {
    var m1, m2, mm mymatrix
    mkmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m1)
    mkmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m2)
    t0 := time.Now()
    for i := 0; i <= 100000; i++ {
        multmatrix(cSize, cSize, &m1, &m2, &mm)
    }
    t := time.Since(t0)
    fmt.Println(mm[0][0], mm[2][3], mm[3][2], mm[4][4], mm[29][29])
    fmt.Println("tick = ", t)
}

C++:
#include "stdafx.h"#include <time.h>#include <iostream>using namespace std;const int MATRIX_SIZE = 30;int Matrix[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE];void MakeMatrix(int rows, int cols, int mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE]){	rows--;	cols--;	int count = 1;	for (int r = 0; r <= rows; r++)	{		for (int c = 0; c <= cols; c++)		{			mx[r][c] = count;			count++;		}	}}void MatrixMult(int rows, int cols, const int m1[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], const int m2[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], int mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE]){	rows--;	cols--;	int val;	for (int i = 0; i <= rows; i++)	{		for (int j = 0; j <= cols; j++)		{			val = 0;			for (int k = 0; k <= cols; k++)			{				val += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j];				mx[i][j] = val;			}		}	}}int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){	int num = 100000;	int m1[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], m2[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE], mx[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE];	MakeMatrix(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m1);	MakeMatrix(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m2);	clock_t t1 = clock();	for (int i = 0; i <= num; i++)	{		MatrixMult(MATRIX_SIZE, MATRIX_SIZE, m1, m2, mx);	}	clock_t t2 = clock();	cout << mx[0][0] << " " << mx[2][3] << " " << mx[3][2] << " " << mx[4][4] << endl;	cout << t2 - t1 << " ms" << endl;	return 0;}

 

    Delphi:

program Project1;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}{$R *.res}uses  System.SysUtils, System.DateUtils;const  cSize = 30;type  TMatrix = array[0..cSize - 1, 0..cSize - 1] of Integer;procedure MakeMatrix(Rows, Cols: Integer; var Mx: TMatrix);var  R, C, Count: Integer;begin  Dec(Rows);  Dec(Cols);  Count := 1;  for R := 0 to Rows do    for C := 0 to Cols do    begin      Mx[R, C] := Count;      Inc(Count);    end;end;procedure MatrixMult(Rows, Cols: Integer; const M1, M2: TMatrix; var Mx: TMatrix); inline;var  I, J, K, Val: Integer;begin  Dec(Rows);  Dec(Cols);  for I := 0 to Rows do    for J := 0 to Cols do    begin      Val := 0;      for K := 0 to Cols do        Inc(Val, M1[I, K] * M2[K, J]);      Mx[I, J] := Val;    end;end;var  Num, I    : Integer;  M1, M2, Mx: TMatrix;  T1, T2    : Double;begin  Num := 100000;  MakeMatrix(cSize, cSize, M1);  MakeMatrix(cSize, cSize, M2);  T1 := Now;  for I := 0 to Num do    MatrixMult(cSize, cSize, M1, M2, Mx);  T2 := Now;  WriteLn(Mx[0, 0], ‘ ‘, Mx[2, 3], ‘ ‘, Mx[3, 2], ‘ ‘, Mx[4, 4], ‘ ‘, mx[29, 29]);  WriteLn(‘ C = ‘, MilliSecondsBetween(T2, T1), ‘ ms‘);end.

  

    分别执行 10 次后结果如下(单位:毫秒)。

    Golang:8757 8790 8713 8748 8737 8744 8752 8752 8746 8754,平均:8749.3;

    C++     :1723 1735 1714 1707 1713 1725 1708 1723 1720 1725,平均:1719.3;

    Delphi :2384 2362 2359 2389 2362 2351 2340 2352 2356 2352,平均:2360.7;

    在这样的密集运算例子里,Golang 的表现实在很差,Golang 的编译器优化很有很长的路。而 Delphi 则不出意外,不温不火,勉强也还算能接受吧。

 

    至此,或许大致可以这样初步评断,Golang 在大部分应用场景下在效率方面是满足要求的,而若涉及到密集运算,当前比较好的方法应该是要通过 CGo 了。考虑到 Golang 强大的 goroutine 和 channel、丰富的标准库(譬如网络方面)、精简的语法和非常快速的编译速度(几乎媲美 Delphi),后端开发尝试下 Golang 应是比较可行的,而也确实有不少早已用 Golang 作后端开发的项目实例了。

 

    注:关于 Golang 的语言语法及并行方面的特性,过段时间再浅叙。

Golang 效率初(粗)测