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WLAN - 基本概念与协议族

什么是WLAN

–  Wireless Local Area Network, 无线局域网

–  不使用任何导线或传输电缆连接的局域网,而使用无线电波作为数据传送的媒介,传送距离一般只有几十米

–  无线局域网的主干网路通常使用有线电缆,无线局域网用户通过一个或多个无线接取器接入无线局域网

 

为什么要使用WLAN

–  低成本的网络扩展方式

–  快捷的创建临时网络连接

–  通过多个AP,可以扩展无线范围

–  可以为不同业务提供不同的安全通道

 

WLAN的基本构成

站点(Station),网络最基本的组成部分。

基本服务单元(Basic Service Set, BSS)。网络最基本的服务单元。最简单的服务单元可以只由两个站点组成。站点可以动态地联结(associate)到基本服务单元中。

分配系统(Distribution System, DS)。分配系统用于连接不同的基本服务单元。分配系统使用的媒介(Medium)逻辑上和基本服务单元使用的媒介是截然分开的,尽管它们物理上可能会是同一个媒介,例如同一个无线频段。

接入点(Access Point, AP)。接入点是无线网和有线网的接口,既有普通站点的身份,又有接入到分配系统的功能。

扩展服务单元(Extended Service Set, ESS)。由分配系统和基本服务单元组合而成。这种组合是逻辑上,并非物理上的--不同的基本服务单元物有可能在地理位置相去甚远。分配系统也可以使用各种各样的技术。

关口(Portal),也是一个逻辑成分。用于将无线局域网和有线局域网或其它网络联系起来。

此处有3种媒介,站点使用的无线的媒介,分配系统使用的媒介,以及和无线局域网集成一起的其它局域网使用的媒介。物理上它们可能互相重叠。IEEE802.11只负责在站点使用的无线的媒介上的寻址(Addressing)。分配系统和其它局域网的寻址不属无线局域网的范围。

 

组织

–  FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

–  ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector)

–  IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

–  IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

–  Wi-Fi Alliance

 

IEEE协议族

摘自Wiki

已有的协议族

IEEE 802.11-1997:

The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and infrared (IR) standard (1997), all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard, except for Recommended Practices 802.11F and 802.11T.

IEEE 802.11a:

54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001)

IEEE 802.11b:

Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s (1999)

IEEE 802.11c:

Bridge operation procedures; included in the IEEE 802.1D standard (2001)

IEEE 802.11d:

International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)

IEEE 802.11e:

Enhancements: QoS, including packet bursting (2005)

IEEE 802.11F:

Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) Withdrawn February 2006

IEEE 802.11g:

54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)

IEEE 802.11h:

Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004)

IEEE 802.11i:

Enhanced security (2004)

IEEE 802.11j:

Extensions for Japan (2004)

IEEE 802.11-2007:

A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i, and j. (July 2007)

IEEE 802.11k:

Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008)

IEEE 802.11n:

Higher-throughput improvements using MIMO (multiple-input, multiple-output antennas) (September 2009)

IEEE 802.11p:

WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as ambulances and passenger cars) (July 2010)

IEEE 802.11r:

Fast BSS transition (FT) (2008)

IEEE 802.11s:

Mesh Networking, Extended Service Set (ESS) (July 2011)

IEEE 802.11T:

Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)—test methods and metrics Recommendation cancelled

IEEE 802.11u:

Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd-party authorization of clients, e.g., cellular network offload (February 2011)

IEEE 802.11v:

Wireless network management (February 2011)

IEEE 802.11w:

Protected Management Frames (September 2009)

IEEE 802.11y:

3650–3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008)

IEEE 802.11z:

Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010)

IEEE 802.11-2012:

A new release of the standard that includes amendments k, n, p, r, s, u, v, w, y, and z (March 2012)

IEEE 802.11aa:

Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams (June 2012)

IEEE 802.11ac:

Very High Throughput <6 GHz;potential improvements over 802.11n: better modulation scheme (expected ~10% throughput increase), wider channels (estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz), multi user MIMO;(December 2013)

IEEE 802.11ad:

Very High Throughput 60 GHz (December 2012) — see WiGig

IEEE 802.11ae:

Prioritization of Management Frames (March 2012)

IEEE 802.11af:

TV Whitespace (February 2014)

 

制定中的协议

IEEE 802.11mc:

Roll-up of 802.11-2012 with the aa, ac, ad, ae & af amendments to be published as 802.11-2016 (~ March 2016)

IEEE 802.11ah:

Sub-1 GHz license exempt operation (e.g., sensor network, smart metering) (~ March 2016)

IEEE 802.11ai:

Fast Initial Link Setup (~ September 2016)

IEEE 802.11aj:

China Millimeter Wave (~ June 2016)

IEEE 802.11ak:

General Links (~ May 2016)

IEEE 802.11aq:

Pre-association Discovery (~ July 2016)

IEEE 802.11ax:

High Efficiency WLAN (~ May 2018)

IEEE 802.11ay:

Enhancements for Ultra High Throughput in and around the 60 GHz Band (~ TBD)

IEEE 802.11az:

Next Generation Positioning (~ TBD)

802.11F and 802.11T are recommended practices rather than standards, and are capitalized as such.

802.11m is used for standard maintenance. 802.11ma was completed for 802.11-2007, 802.11mb was completed for 802.11-2012, and 802.11mc is working towards publishing 802.11-2016.

 

说几个常见的

IEEE 802.11

–  定义了物理层和媒体访问控制(MAC)规范,无线局域网领域第一个国际认可协议,提供1M和2M的数据传输率,基本的信令规范和服务规范

IEEE 802.11a

–  1999,规定工作频段在5.15~5.825GHz,数据传输率54Mbps,采用正交频分复用(OFDM)独特扩频技术

IEEE 802.11b

–  1999.9,规定工作频段在2.4GHz~2.4835GHz,数据传输率11Mbps,为802.11协议的补充,使用直接序列DSSS技术,与802.11a不兼容

IEEE 802.11e

–  MAC层协议的改进,支持多媒体传输,支持无线局域网无线广播接口的服务质量保证

IEEE 802.11g

–  802.11b的提速,仍然工作在2.4GHz频段,采用两种调制方式,向下兼容802.11b

IEEE 802.11i

–  结合了802.11x中的用户端口身份验证和设备验证,对无线MAC层修改与整合,定义了严格的加密格式和鉴权机制,改善无线局域网的安全性

IEEE 802.11n

–  MIMO多输入多输出的天线技术,基于OFDM调制技术,物理传输率300M-600Mbps

 

协议

发布

标准频宽

标准速度

最大速度

802.11

1997

2.4-2.5 GHz

1 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

802.11a

1999

5.15-5.35/ 5.47-5.725/

5.725-5.875 GHz

25 Mbit/s

54 Mbit/s

802.11b

1999

2.4-2.5 GHz

6.5 Mbit/s

11 Mbit/s

802.11g

2003

2.4-2.5 GHz

25 Mbit/s

54 Mbit/s

802.11n

2009

2.4 GHz or 5 GHz bands

300 Mbit/s

(20MHz*4 MIMO)

600 Mbit/s

(40MHz*4 MIMO)

802.11p

2009

5.86-5.925 GHz

3 Mbit/s

27 Mbit/s

802.11ac

2011

5 GHz

433Mbit/s, 867Mbit/s

(80MHz, 160MHz为可选)

867Mbit/s, 1.73 Gbit/s,

3.47 Gbit/s, 6.93 Gbit/s

(8 MIMO,160MHz)

802.11ad

2009

2.4/5/60 GHz

4620Mbps

up to 7Gbps(6756.75Mbps)

WLAN - 基本概念与协议族