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描述、源码、示例
version 1：普通操作版本
version 2: 泛化操作版本


1.accumulate
描述：计算 init 和 [first, last) 内所有元素的总和
源码：

//version 1
template <class InputIterator, class T>
T accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init) {
  for ( ; first != last; ++first)
    init = init + *first;
  return init;
}


//version 2
template <class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
T accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init,
             BinaryOperation binary_op) {
  for ( ; first != last; ++first)
    init = binary_op(init, *first);
  return init;
}

int main()
{
  int A[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
  const int N = sizeof(A) / sizeof(int);


  cout << "The sum of all elements in A is " 
       << accumulate(A, A + N, 0) // 15
       << endl;


  cout << "The product of all elements in A is "
       << accumulate(A, A + N, 1, multiplies<int>()) //120
       << endl;
}

//version 1
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T>
T inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                InputIterator2 first2, T init) {
  for ( ; first1 != last1; ++first1, ++first2)
    init = init + (*first1 * *first2);
  return init;
}


//version 2
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T,
          class BinaryOperation1, class BinaryOperation2>
T inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                InputIterator2 first2, T init, BinaryOperation1 binary_op1,
                BinaryOperation2 binary_op2) {
  for ( ; first1 != last1; ++first1, ++first2)
    init = binary_op1(init, binary_op2(*first1, *first2));
  return init;
}

int main()
{
  int A1[] = {1, 2, 3};
  int A2[] = {4, 1, -2};
  const int N1 = sizeof(A1) / sizeof(int);


  cout << "The inner product of A1 and A2 is " 
       << inner_product(A1, A1 + N1, A2, 0) //0
       << endl;
}

//version 1
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator __partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                             OutputIterator result, T*) {
  T value = http://www.mamicode.com/*first;>
示例：
int main()
{
  const int N = 10;
  int A[N];


  fill(A, A+N, 1);
  cout << "A:                 ";
  copy(A, A+N, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " ")); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
  cout << endl; 


  cout << "Partial sums of A: ";
  partial_sum(A, A+N, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " ")); // 1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55
  cout << endl;
}  

4.adjacent_difference
描述：计算[first, last) 相邻元素的差额
源码：
//version 1
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator __adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, 
                                     OutputIterator result, T*) {
  T value = http://www.mamicode.com/*first;>
示例：
int main()
{
  int A[] = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100};
  const int N = sizeof(A) / sizeof(int);
  int B[N];


  cout << "A[]:         ";
  copy(A, A + N, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " ")); //1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
  cout << endl;
  
  adjacent_difference(A, A + N, B);
  cout << "Differences: ";
  copy(B, B + N, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " ")); // 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
  cout << endl;


  cout << "Reconstruct: ";
  partial_sum(B, B + N, ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " ")); //1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
  cout << endl;
}

5.power 
描述：计算某数的 n 幂次方。 SGI 专属，不在STL标准中
源码：
// Returns x ** n, where n >= 0.  Note that "multiplication"
//  is required to be associative, but not necessarily commutative.
    
template <class T, class Integer, class MonoidOperation>
T power(T x, Integer n, MonoidOperation op) { //这里用的是 Russian Peasant Algorithm
  if (n == 0)
    return identity_element(op);
  else {
    while ((n & 1) == 0) {
      n >>= 1;
      x = op(x, x);
    }


    T result = x;
    n >>= 1;
    while (n != 0) {
      x = op(x, x);
      if ((n & 1) != 0)
        result = op(result, x);
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return result;
  }
}


template <class T, class Integer>
inline T power(T x, Integer n) {
  return power(x, n, multiplies<T>());
}

示例：
int main() {
  cout << "2 ** 30 = " << power(2, 30) << endl;  // -->  我编译不通过。说找不到标识符 power ，我已经 include 了 <numeric> 
}

6.iota
描述：设定某个区间的内容，使其内的每一个元素从指定的value 值 开始，呈现递增状态
源码：
template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
void iota(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, T value) {
  while (first != last) *first++ = value++;
}

示例：
int main()
{
  vector<int> V(10);


  iota(V.begin(), V.end(), 7);
  copy(V.begin(), V.end(), ostream_iterator<int>(cout, " ")); // 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
  cout << endl; 
}