STL(14)变动型算法

• Modifying sequence operations: （修改容器操作）
  copy
  Copy range of elements (function template )
  copy_n
  Copy elements (function template )
  copy_if
  Copy certain elements of range (function template )
  copy_backward
  Copy range of elements backward (function template )
  move
  Move range of elements (function template )
  move_backward
  Move range of elements backward (function template )
  swap
  Exchange values of two objects (function template )
  swap_ranges
  Exchange values of two ranges (function template )
  iter_swap
  Exchange values of objects pointed to by two iterators (function template )
  transform
  Transform range (function template )
  replace
  Replace value in range (function template )
  replace_if
  Replace values in range (function template )
  replace_copy
  Copy range replacing value (function template )
  replace_copy_if
  Copy range replacing value (function template )
  fill
  Fill range with value (function template )
  fill_n
  Fill sequence with value (function template )
  generate
  Generate values for range with function (function template )
  generate_n
  Generate values for sequence with function (function template )
  remove
  Remove value from range (function template )
  remove_if
  Remove elements from range (function template )
  remove_copy
  Copy range removing value (function template )
  remove_copy_if
  Copy range removing values (function template )
  unique
  Remove consecutive duplicates in range (function template )
  unique_copy
  Copy range removing duplicates (function template )
  reverse
  Reverse range (function template )
  reverse_copy
  Copy range reversed (function template )
  rotate
  Rotate left the elements in range (function template )
  rotate_copy
  Copy range rotated left (function template )
  random_shuffle
  Randomly rearrange elements in range (function template )
  shuffle
  Randomly rearrange elements in range using generator (function template )
• copy Copy range of elements (元素复制，在一定范围内 )
• 观察本质
  template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result; ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // copy algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::copy
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
  std::vector<int> myvector (7);
  
  std::copy ( myints, myints+7, myvector.begin() );
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }??
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
  
  解释：遍历赋值
  看核心代码，?while (first!=last) { *result = *first; ++result; ++first; } 必须有"operator="的支持。
  
  思考：如果OutputIterator result此时没有分配空间，会调用operator=吗？
  ##最终会调用对象的operator=,那么，outputIterator result一定要分配了空间，会有对象。所以在copy之前，最好用resize()来分配空间，并产生对象：?std::vector<Demo> others; others.resize(demos.size());
  ???
  
  
  ???????r
• copy_n Copy elements (拷贝后面的多少个 )
• 观察本质
  template<class InputIterator, class Size, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator copy_n (InputIterator first, Size n, OutputIterator result)
  {
  while (n>0) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result; ++first;
  --n;
  }
  return result;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ??// copy_n algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::copy
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  myvector.resize(7); // allocate space for 7 elements
  
  std::copy_n ( myints, 7, myvector.begin() );
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
  
  解释：
  
  ------------------------------------vs2015-----------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION copy_n
  template<class _InIt,class _Diff,class _OutIt> inline
  _OutIt _Copy_n_unchecked2(_InIt _First, _Diff _Count,
  _OutIt _Dest, input_iterator_tag)
  { // copy [_First, _First + _Count) to [_Dest, ...), input iterators
  if (0 < _Count)
  {
  *_Dest = *_First;
  while (0 < --_Count)
  *++_Dest = *++_First;
  return (++_Dest);
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }?????
  ???
• copy_if Copy certain elements of range (有选择性拷贝 )
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  OutputIterator copy_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
  OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  if (pred(*first)) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ??// copy_if example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::copy_if, std::distance
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo = {25,15,5,-5,-15};
  std::vector<int> bar (foo.size());
  
  // copy only positive numbers:
  auto it = std::copy_if (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), [](int i){return !(i<0);} );
  bar.resize(std::distance(bar.begin(),it)); // shrink container to new size
  
  std::cout << "bar contains:";
  for (int& x: bar) std::cout << ‘ ‘ << x;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  bar contains: 25 15 5
  
  解释：copy_if算法很多应用场景：如在《学生信息管理系统》中查询功能，就能用copy_if简化写法。
  
  
  -----------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------------
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION copy_if
  template<class _InIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Pr> inline
  _OutIt _Copy_if_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last, _OutIt _Dest,
  _Pr& _Pred)
  { // copy each satisfying _Pred
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (_Pred(*_First))
  { // validate _Dest and copy
  _DEBUG_POINTER(_Dest);
  *_Dest++ = *_First;
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }???????
  ????
• copy_backward Copy range of elements backward (从后面来拷贝 )
• 观察本质
  template<class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
  BidirectionalIterator2 copy_backward ( BidirectionalIterator1 first,
  BidirectionalIterator1 last,
  BidirectionalIterator2 result )
  {
  while (last!=first) *(--result) = *(--last);
  return result;
  }
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // copy_backward example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::copy_backward
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
  myvector.push_back(i*10); // myvector: 10 20 30 40 50
  
  myvector.resize(myvector.size()+3); // allocate space for 3 more elements
  
  std::copy_backward ( myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end() );
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ??解释：result这里应该是end(),传参时要注意。
  核心代码while (last!=first) *(--result) = *(--last); return result;? 拿着result往前copy
  
  
  ------------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION copy_backward
  template<class _BidIt1,class _BidIt2> inline
  _BidIt2 _Copy_backward_memmove(_BidIt1 _First, _BidIt1 _Last,
  _BidIt2 _Dest)
  { // implement copy_backward-like function as memmove
  const char * const _First_ch = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(_First);
  const char * const _Last_ch = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(_Last);
  char * const _Dest_ch = reinterpret_cast<char *>(_Dest);
  const size_t _Count = _Last_ch - _First_ch;
  return (static_cast<_BidIt2>(
  _CSTD memmove(_Dest_ch - _Count, _First_ch, _Count)));
  }????
  ???
• move Move range of elements (元素移动范围 )
• move_backward Move range of elements backward (元素向后移动，在指定范围里)
• swap 有 C++98与C++11两个版本 Exchange values of two objects (两个对象交换值 )
• 观察本质C++98版本
  template <class T> void swap ( T& a, T& b )
  {
  T c(a); a=b; b=c;
  }
  ----------------------------------
  ??// swap algorithm example (C++98)
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::swap
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  
  int x=10, y=20; // x:10 y:20
  std::swap(x,y); // x:20 y:10
  
  std::vector<int> foo (4,x), bar (6,y); // foo:4x20 bar:6x10
  std::swap(foo,bar); // foo:6x10 bar:4x20
  
  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ??Output:
  foo contains: 10 10 10 10 10 10
  
  解释：
• 观察本质C++11版本
  template <class T> void swap (T& a, T& b)
  {
  T c(std::move(a)); a=std::move(b); b=std::move(c);
  }
  template <class T, size_t N> void swap (T (&a)[N], T (&b)[N])
  {
  for (size_t i = 0; i<N; ++i) swap (a[i],b[i]);
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------
  // swap algorithm example (C++98)
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::swap
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  
  int x=10, y=20; // x:10 y:20
  std::swap(x,y); // x:20 y:10
  
  std::vector<int> foo (4,x), bar (6,y); // foo:4x20 bar:6x10
  std::swap(foo,bar); // foo:6x10 bar:4x20
  
  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  foo contains: 10 10 10 10 10 10
  
  解释 ： 交换数组
  ??
  ------------------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------
  ???
  ???
  ???
• swap_ranges Exchange values of two ranges (两个范围交换值)
• 观察本质
  template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
  ForwardIterator2 swap_ranges (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
  ForwardIterator2 first2)
  {
  while (first1!=last1) {
  swap (*first1, *first2);
  ++first1; ++first2;
  }
  return first2;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // swap_ranges example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::swap_ranges
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo (5,10); // foo: 10 10 10 10 10
  std::vector<int> bar (5,33); // bar: 33 33 33 33 33
  
  std::swap_ranges(foo.begin()+1, foo.end()-1, bar.begin());
  
  // print out results of swap:
  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  std::cout << "bar contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  foo contains: 10 33 33 33 10
  bar contains: 10 10 10 33 33
  
  解释：
  
  
  -------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION swap_ranges
  template<class _FwdIt1,
  class _FwdIt2> inline
  _FwdIt2 _Swap_ranges_unchecked(_FwdIt1 _First1, _FwdIt1 _Last1,
  _FwdIt2 _Dest)
  { // swap [_First1, _Last1) with [_Dest, ...)
  for (; _First1 != _Last1; ++_First1, (void)++_Dest)
  _STD iter_swap(_First1, _Dest);
  return (_Dest);
  }?????????????
• 要确保第2区间的长度大于第1区间
• iter_swap Exchange values of objects pointed to by two iterators (由两个迭代器指向的对象进行值的交换 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
  void iter_swap (ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b)
  {
  swap (*a, *b);
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------
  ??// iter_swap example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::iter_swap
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  
  int myints[]={10,20,30,40,50 }; // myints: 10 20 30 40 50
  std::vector<int> myvector (4,99); // myvector: 99 99 99 99
  
  std::iter_swap(myints,myvector.begin()); // myints: [99] 20 30 40 50
  // myvector: [10] 99 99 99
  
  std::iter_swap(myints+3,myvector.begin()+2); // myints: 99 20 30 [99] 50
  // myvector: 10 99 [40] 99
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ?
  ??Output:
  myvector contains: 10 99 40 99
  
  
  -------------------------------------vs2015------------------------------------------
  
  ?// TEMPLATE FUNCTION iter_swap (from <xutility>)
  template<class _FwdIt1, class _FwdIt2> inline
  void iter_swap(_FwdIt1 _Left, _FwdIt2 _Right)
  { // swap *_Left and *_Right
  swap(*_Left, *_Right);
  }????
• transform ##理解：增强版本foreach Transform range (进行变换，在指定范围内 )
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperator>
  OutputIterator transform (InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
  OutputIterator result, UnaryOperator op)
  {
  while (first1 != last1) {
  *result = op(*first1); // or: *result=binary_op(*first1,*first2++);
  ++result; ++first1;
  }
  return result;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // transform algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::transform
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  #include <functional> // std::plus
  
  int op_increase (int i) { return ++i; }
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo;
  std::vector<int> bar;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<6; i++)
  foo.push_back (i*10); // foo: 10 20 30 40 50
  
  bar.resize(foo.size()); // allocate space
  
  std::transform (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), op_increase);
  // bar: 11 21 31 41 51
  
  // std::plus adds together its two arguments:
  std::transform (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), foo.begin(), std::plus<int>());
  // foo: 21 41 61 81 101
  
  std::cout << "foo contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  foo contains: 21 41 61 81 101
  
  
  ------------------------------vs2015------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION transform WITH UNARY OP 一元运算
  template<class _InIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Fn1> inline
  _OutIt _Transform_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, _Fn1& _Func)
  { // transform [_First, _Last) with _Func
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First, (void)++_Dest)
  *_Dest = _Func(*_First);
  return (_Dest);
  }
  
  ---------------------------------------
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION transform WITH BINARY OP 二元运算
  template<class _InIt1,
  class _InIt2,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Fn2> inline
  _OutIt _Transform_unchecked(_InIt1 _First1, _InIt1 _Last1,
  _InIt2 _First2, _OutIt _Dest, _Fn2& _Func)
  { // transform [_First1, _Last1) and [_First2, ...) with _Func
  for (; _First1 != _Last1; ++_First1, (void)++_First2, ++_Dest)
  *_Dest = _Func(*_First1, *_First2);
  return (_Dest);
  }??????????????
• replace ##理解：增强版的find_if Replace value in range (替换值，在指定容器内 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  void replace (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
  const T& old_value, const T& new_value)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  if (*first == old_value) *first=new_value;
  ++first;
  }
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // replace algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::replace
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = { 10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10, 10, 20 };
  std::vector<int> myvector (myints, myints+8); // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
  
  std::replace (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20, 99); // 10 99 30 30 99 10 10 99
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 10 99 30 30 99 10 10 99
  
  解释：
  
  -----------------------------------vs2015---------------------------------
  ??
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION replace
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _Ty> inline
  void _Replace_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last,
  const _Ty& _Oldval, const _Ty& _Newval)
  { // replace each matching _Oldval with _Newval
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (*_First == _Oldval)
  *_First = _Newval;
  }?????????
• replace_if Replace values in range (按条件来替换值，在指定范围内)
• 观察本质
  template < class ForwardIterator, class UnaryPredicate, class T >
  void replace_if (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
  UnaryPredicate pred, const T& new_value)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  if (pred(*first)) *first=new_value;
  ++first;
  }
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // replace_if example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::replace_if
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  std::replace_if (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd, 0); // 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  myvector contains: 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
  
  解释： 1 需要operator=的支持 2 里面的判断函数必须返回bool值 3 里面的判断函数接收的是一个指针
  
  ----------------------------------------------vs2015-----------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION replace_if
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _Pr,
  class _Ty> inline
  void _Replace_if_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last, _Pr& _Pred, const _Ty& _Val)
  { // replace each satisfying _Pred with _Val
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (_Pred(*_First))
  *_First = _Val;
  }
  ??????????
  ???
• replace_copy ##原序列不变 Copy range replacing value (拷贝替换值 ，在指定范围内)
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
  OutputIterator replace_copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
  OutputIterator result, const T& old_value, const T& new_value)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  *result = (*first==old_value)? new_value: *first;
  ++first; ++result;
  }
  return result;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // replace_copy example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::replace_copy
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = { 10, 20, 30, 30, 20, 10, 10, 20 };
  
  std::vector<int> myvector (8);
  std::replace_copy (myints, myints+8, myvector.begin(), 20, 99);
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  myvector contains: 10 99 30 30 99 10 10 99
  
  解释：不改变原序列的值，会产生新的序列来接收
  核心代码 while (first!=last) { *result = (*first==old_value)? new_value: *first; ++first; ++result; }?
  三目运算赋值，当第1 区间有旧值，则接收新值，否则不变。
  
  ??
  -------------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------------------
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION replace_copy
  template<class _InIt,class _OutIt,class _Ty> inline
  _OutIt _Replace_copy_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, const _Ty& _Oldval, const _Ty& _Newval)
  { // copy replacing each matching _Oldval with _Newval 与_newval更换每个匹配_oldval复制
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First, (void)++_Dest)
  *_Dest = *_First == _Oldval ? _Newval : *_First;
  return (_Dest);
  }????????????
• replace_copy_if Copy range replacing value (拷贝替换符合条件的值 ，在指定范围内)
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate, class T>
  OutputIterator replace_copy_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
  OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred,
  const T& new_value)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  *result = (pred(*first))? new_value: *first;
  ++first; ++result;
  }
  return result;
  }
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // replace_copy_if example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::replace_copy_if
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> foo,bar;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) foo.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  bar.resize(foo.size()); // allocate space
  std::replace_copy_if (foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), IsOdd, 0);
  // 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
  
  std::cout << "bar contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  second contains: 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
  
  解释：
  ??核心代码：while (first!=last) { *result = (pred(*first))? new_value: *first; ++first; ++result; }
  三目运算赋值，符合条件则赋新，否则保持不变。
  
  -------------------------------vs2015----------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION replace_copy_if
  template<class _InIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Pr,
  class _Ty> inline
  _OutIt _Replace_copy_if_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, _Pr& _Pred, const _Ty& _Val)
  { // copy replacing each satisfying _Pred with _Val
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First, (void)++_Dest)
  *_Dest = _Pred(*_First) ? _Val : *_First;
  return (_Dest);
  }
  
  ??????????????
• fill Fill range with value (填充值到指定序列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  void fill (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
  {
  while (first != last) {
  *first = val;
  ++first;
  }
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // fill algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::fill
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector (8); // myvector: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  
  std::fill (myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+4,5); // myvector: 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0
  std::fill (myvector.begin()+3,myvector.end()-2,8); // myvector: 5 5 5 8 8 8 0 0
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 5 5 5 8 8 8 0 0
  
  解释：
  核心代码：while (first != last) { *first = val; ++first; }
  ????
  ??????---------------------------------------vs2015---------------------------------------
  
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _Ty> inline
  void _Fill_unchecked1(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last, const _Ty& _Val, false_type)
  { // copy _Val through [_First, _Last), no special optimization
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  *_First = _Val;
  }???
• fill_n Fill sequence with value (按给出的数量，来填充值到容器内)
• 观察本质
  template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class T>
  OutputIterator fill_n (OutputIterator first, Size n, const T& val)
  {
  while (n>0) {
  *first = val;
  ++first; --n;
  }
  return first; // since C++11
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // fill_n example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::fill_n
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector (8,10); // myvector: 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
  
  std::fill_n (myvector.begin(),4,20); // myvector: 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
  std::fill_n (myvector.begin()+3,3,33); // myvector: 20 20 20 33 33 33 10 10
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 20 20 20 33 33 33 10 10
  
  解释：特别注意空间不够用时，会产生未知错误。
  核心代码：while (n>0) { *first = val; ++first; --n; }??? return first; 返回时，first位置已经改变。
  
  -------------------------------vs2015-------------------------------------------
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION fill_n
  template<class _OutIt, class _Diff, class _Ty> inline
  _OutIt _Fill_n_unchecked1(_OutIt _Dest, _Diff _Count, const _Ty& _Val, false_type)
  { // copy _Val _Count times through [_Dest, ...), no special optimization
  for (; 0 < _Count; --_Count, (void)++_Dest)
  *_Dest = _Val;
  return (_Dest);
  }
  
  template<class _OutIt,
  class _Diff, class _Ty> inline
  ? _OutIt _Fill_n_unchecked1(_OutIt _Dest, _Diff _Count, const _Ty& _Val, true_type)
  { // copy _Val _Count times through [_Dest, ...), memset optimization
  if (0 < _Count)
  {
  _CSTD memset(_Dest, _Val, _Count);
  return (_Dest + _Count);
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }?????
  ??
• generate Generate values for range with function (用函数生成有值的序列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
  void generate ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen )
  {
  while (first != last) {
  *first = gen();
  ++first;
  }
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // generate algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::generate
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  #include <ctime> // std::time
  #include <cstdlib> // std::rand, std::srand
  
  // function generator:
  int RandomNumber () { return (std::rand()%100); }
  
  // class generator:
  struct c_unique {
  int current;
  c_unique() {current=0;}
  int operator()() {return ++current;}
  } UniqueNumber;
  
  int main () {
  std::srand ( unsigned ( std::time(0) ) );
  
  std::vector<int> myvector (8);
  
  std::generate (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), RandomNumber);
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  std::generate (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), UniqueNumber);
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  A possible output:
  myvector contains: 57 87 76 66 85 54 17 15
  myvector contains: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  
  解释：
  
  
  
  ??????---------------------------------vs2015-------------------------------------------
  ??????
• generate_n Generate values for sequence with function (用函数生成多少个有值的序列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
  void generate_n ( OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen )
  {
  while (n>0) {
  *first = gen();
  ++first; --n;
  }
  }
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  // generate_n example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::generate_n
  
  int current = 0;
  int UniqueNumber () { return ++current; }
  
  int main () {
  int myarray[9];
  
  std::generate_n (myarray, 9, UniqueNumber);
  
  std::cout << "myarray contains:";
  for (int i=0; i<9; ++i)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << myarray[i];
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  A possible output:
  myarray contains: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  解释：
  核心代码：while (n>0) { *first = gen(); ++first; --n; }?
  
  ---------------------------------vs2015-----------------------------
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION generate_n
  template<class _OutIt, class _Diff, class _Fn0> inline
  _OutIt _Generate_n_unchecked(_OutIt _Dest, _Diff _Count, _Fn0& _Func)
  { // replace [_Dest, _Dest + _Count) with _Func()
  for (; 0 < _Count; --_Count, (void)++_Dest)
  *_Dest = _Func();
  return (_Dest);
  }??????
  ?????
• remove ##只移除不做删除，特别注意返回值 Remove value from range (从序列移除值 )
• 观察本质C++98版
  template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  ForwardIterator remove (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
  {
  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (first!=last) {
  if (!(*first == val)) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // remove algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::remove
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20}; // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
  
  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints; // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^ ^
  
  pend = std::remove (pbegin, pend, 20); // 10 30 30 10 10 ? ? ?
  // ^ ^
  std::cout << "range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *p;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  range contains: 10 30 30 10 10
  
  解释：注意返回值，返回值是移除后最后的end()??
  
  
  ----------------------------------------vs2015-------------------------------------
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION remove
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _Ty> inline
  _FwdIt _Remove_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last, const _Ty& _Val)
  { // remove each matching _Val
  _First = _Find_unchecked(_First, _Last, _Val);
  _FwdIt _Next = _First;
  if (_First != _Last)
  {
  for (++_First; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (!(*_First == _Val))
  *_Next++ = _STD move(*_First);
  }
  
  return (_Next);
  }?????????
  
  ?????
• 观察本质C++11版
  template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  ForwardIterator remove (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
  {
  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (first!=last) {
  if (!(*first == val)) {
  *result = move(*first);
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // remove algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::remove
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20}; // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
  
  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints; // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^ ^
  
  pend = std::remove (pbegin, pend, 20); // 10 30 30 10 10 ? ? ?
  // ^ ^
  std::cout << "range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *p;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  range contains: 10 30 30 10 10
  ?
  解释 ：
  核心代码
  ? ?ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (first!=last) {
  if (!(*first == val)) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  
  ------------------------------vs2015-------------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION remove
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _Ty> inline
  _FwdIt _Remove_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last, const _Ty& _Val)
  { // remove each matching _Val
  _First = _Find_unchecked(_First, _Last, _Val);
  _FwdIt _Next = _First;
  if (_First != _Last)
  {
  for (++_First; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (!(*_First == _Val))
  *_Next++ = _STD move(*_First);
  }
  
  return (_Next);
  }????????
• remove_if Remove elements from range (从序列移除符合条件的元素 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  ForwardIterator remove_if (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
  UnaryPredicate pred)
  {
  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (first!=last) {
  if (!pred(*first)) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // remove_if example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::remove_if
  
  bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}; // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  // bounds of range:
  int* pbegin = myints; // ^
  int* pend = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int); // ^ ^
  
  pend = std::remove_if (pbegin, pend, IsOdd); // 2 4 6 8 ? ? ? ? ?
  // ^ ^
  std::cout << "the range contains:";
  for (int* p=pbegin; p!=pend; ++p)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *p;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  the range contains: 2 4 6 8
  ?
  
  ------------------------vs2015--------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION remove_if
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _Pr> inline
  _FwdIt _Remove_if_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last, _Pr& _Pred)
  { // remove each satisfying _Pred
  _First = _Find_if_unchecked(_First, _Last, _Pred);
  _FwdIt _Next = _First;
  if (_First != _Last)
  {
  for (++_First; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (!_Pred(*_First))
  *_Next++ = _STD move(*_First);
  }
  
  return (_Next);
  }????????
• remove_copy Copy range removing value (拷贝序列在新序列中移除值 )
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
  OutputIterator remove_copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
  OutputIterator result, const T& val)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  if (!(*first == val)) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // remove_copy example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::remove_copy
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20}; // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
  std::vector<int> myvector (8);
  
  std::remove_copy (myints,myints+8,myvector.begin(),20); // 10 30 30 10 10 0 0 0
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  myvector contains: 10 30 30 10 10 0 0 0
  
  
  
  ----------------------------------------------vs2015------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION remove_copy
  template<class _InIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Ty> inline
  _OutIt _Remove_copy_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, const _Ty& _Val)
  { // copy omitting each matching _Val
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (!(*_First == _Val))
  { // validate _Dest and store
  _DEBUG_POINTER(_Dest);
  *_Dest++ = *_First;
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }
  
  ????????????
• remove_copy_if Copy range removing values (拷贝序列并在新序列中移除符合条件的值)
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  OutputIterator remove_copy_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
  OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  if (!pred(*first)) {
  *result = *first;
  ++result;
  }
  ++first;
  }
  return result;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // remove_copy_if example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::remove_copy_if
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
  std::vector<int> myvector (9);
  
  std::remove_copy_if (myints,myints+9,myvector.begin(),IsOdd);
  
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  myvector contains: 2 4 6 8 0 0 0 0 0
  
  
  --------------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------------??????????
  
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION remove_copy_if
  template<class _InIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Pr> inline
  _OutIt _Remove_copy_if_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, _Pr& _Pred)
  { // copy omitting each element satisfying _Pred
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_First)
  if (!_Pred(*_First))
  { // validate _Dest and store
  _DEBUG_POINTER(_Dest);
  *_Dest++ = *_First;
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }??
• unique ##相邻去重复，保留一份 Remove consecutive duplicates in range (删除容器中的连续重复元素 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator unique (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
  {
  if (first==last) return last;
  
  ForwardIterator result = first;
  while (++first != last)
  {
  if (!(*result == *first)) // or: if (!pred(*result,*first)) for version (2)
  *(++result)=*first;
  }
  return ++result;
  }
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // unique algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::unique, std::distance
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  bool myfunction (int i, int j) {
  return (i==j);
  }
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,20,20,30,30,20,20,10}; // 10 20 20 20 30 30 20 20 10
  std::vector<int> myvector (myints,myints+9);
  
  // using default comparison:
  std::vector<int>::iterator it;
  it = std::unique (myvector.begin(), myvector.end()); // 10 20 30 20 10 ? ? ? ?
  // ^
  
  myvector.resize( std::distance(myvector.begin(),it) ); // 10 20 30 20 10
  
  // using predicate comparison:
  std::unique (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myfunction); // (no changes)
  
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  myvector contains: 10 20 30 20 10
  
  解释：
  ???核心代码 while (++first != last)
  { if (!(*result == *first)) // or: if (!pred(*result,*first)) for version (2)
  *(++result)=*first;
  }
  相邻两个值不相等的时候，返回++first
  
  ----------------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION unique
  template<class _FwdIt> inline
  _FwdIt unique(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last)
  { // remove each matching previous
  return (_STD unique(_First, _Last, equal_to<>()));
  }
  ?
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION unique WITH PRED
  template<class _FwdIt, class _Pr> inline
  _FwdIt _Unique_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last, _Pr& _Pred)
  { // remove each satisfying _Pred with previous
  if (_First != _Last)
  for (_FwdIt _Firstb; (void)(_Firstb = _First), ++_First != _Last; )
  if (_Pred(*_Firstb, *_First))
  { // copy down
  for (; ++_First != _Last; )
  if (!_Pred(*_Firstb, *_First))
  *++_Firstb = _STD move(*_First);
  return (++_Firstb);
  }
  
  return (_Last);
  }???????????????????
• unique_copy Copy range removing duplicates (复制范围删除重复 )
• 观察本质
  template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator unique_copy (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
  OutputIterator result)
  {
  if (first==last) return result;
  
  *result = *first;
  while (++first != last) {
  typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type val = *first;
  if (!(*result == val)) // or: if (!pred(*result,val)) for version (2)
  *(++result)=val;
  }
  return ++result;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // unique_copy example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::unique_copy, std::sort, std::distance
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  bool myfunction (int i, int j) {
  return (i==j);
  }
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,20,20,30,30,20,20,10};
  std::vector<int> myvector (9); // 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  
  // using default comparison:
  std::vector<int>::iterator it;
  it=std::unique_copy (myints,myints+9,myvector.begin()); // 10 20 30 20 10 0 0 0 0
  // ^
  
  std::sort (myvector.begin(),it); // 10 10 20 20 30 0 0 0 0
  // ^
  
  // using predicate comparison:
  it=std::unique_copy (myvector.begin(), it, myvector.begin(), myfunction);
  // 10 20 30 20 30 0 0 0 0
  // ^
  
  myvector.resize( std::distance(myvector.begin(),it) ); // 10 20 30
  
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ????Output:
  myvector contains: 10 20 30
  
  解释：
  
  
  
  -------------------------------vs2015-----------------?????
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION unique_copy WITH PRED
  template<class _InIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Pr> inline
  _OutIt _Unique_copy_unchecked(_InIt _First, _InIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, _Pr& _Pred, input_iterator_tag)
  { // copy compressing pairs satisfying _Pred, input iterators
  if (_First != _Last)
  {
  _Iter_value_t<_InIt> _Val = *_First;
  
  for (*_Dest++ = _Val; ++_First != _Last; )
  if (!_Pred(_Val, *_First))
  { // copy unmatched
  _Val = *_First;
  *_Dest++ = _Val;
  }
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }
  
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _OutIt,
  class _Pr> inline
  _OutIt _Unique_copy_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest, _Pr& _Pred, forward_iterator_tag)
  { // copy compressing pairs satisfying _Pred, forward iterators
  if (_First != _Last)
  {
  _FwdIt _Firstb = _First;
  
  for (*_Dest++ = *_Firstb; ++_First != _Last; )
  if (!_Pred(*_Firstb, *_First))
  { // copy unmatched
  _Firstb = _First;
  *_Dest++ = *_Firstb;
  }
  }
  
  return (_Dest);
  }?
• reverse ##迭代器的类型要支持--操作（双向） Reverse range (逆转序列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class BidirectionalIterator>
  void reverse (BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last)
  {
  while ((first!=last)&&(first!=--last)) {
  std::iter_swap (first,last);
  ++first;
  }
  }
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // reverse algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::reverse
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  std::reverse(myvector.begin(),myvector.end()); // 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  Output:
  myvector contains: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  
  解释：
  核心代码 while ((first!=last)&&(first!=--last)) { std::iter_swap (first,last); ++first; }?
  
  -----------------------------------------------------vs2015--------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION reverse
  ?template<class _BidIt> inline
  void _Reverse_unchecked(_BidIt _First, _BidIt _Last)
  { // reverse elements in [_First, _Last), bidirectional iterators
  for (; _First != _Last && _First != --_Last; ++_First)
  _STD iter_swap(_First, _Last);
  }??????????????????
• reverse_copy Copy range reversed (复制序列逆转排列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator reverse_copy (BidirectionalIterator first,
  BidirectionalIterator last, OutputIterator result)
  {
  while (first!=last) {
  --last;
  *result = *last;
  ++result;
  }
  return result;
  }
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // reverse_copy example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::reverse_copy
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  myvector.resize(9); // allocate space
  
  std::reverse_copy (myints, myints+9, myvector.begin());
  
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  
  
  
  ---------------------------vs2015---------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION reverse_copy
  template<class _BidIt,
  class _OutIt> inline
  _OutIt _Reverse_copy_unchecked(_BidIt _First, _BidIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest)
  { // copy reversing elements in [_First, _Last)
  for (; _First != _Last; ++_Dest)
  *_Dest = *--_Last;
  return (_Dest);
  }??????????
• rotate ##以中间元素位置折半旋转序列 Rotate left the elements in range (旋转元素排列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator>
  void rotate (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
  ForwardIterator last)
  {
  ForwardIterator next = middle;
  while (first!=next)
  {
  swap (*first++,*next++);
  if (next==last) next=middle;
  else if (first==middle) middle=next;
  }
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // rotate algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::rotate
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  std::rotate(myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+3,myvector.end());
  // 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }????
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  ???Output:
  myvector contains: 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3
  
  ------------------------------------------vs2015----------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION rotate
  template<class _FwdIt> inline
  _FwdIt _Rotate_unchecked1(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Mid, _FwdIt _Last,
  forward_iterator_tag)
  { // rotate [_First, _Last), forward iterators
  for (_FwdIt _Next = _Mid, _Res = _Last; ; )
  { // swap [_First, ...) into place
  _STD iter_swap(_First, _Next);
  if (++_First == _Mid)
  { // quit if done, else define next interval
  if (++_Next == _Last)
  return (_Res == _Last ? _Mid : _Res);
  else
  _Mid = _Next; // mark end of next interval
  }
  else if (++_Next == _Last)
  { // wrap to last end
  if (_Res == _Last)
  _Res = _First;
  _Next = _Mid;
  }
  }
  }
  ????
• rotate_copy Copy range rotated left (左旋转序列)
• 观察本质
  template <class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator rotate_copy (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
  ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result)
  {
  result=std::copy (middle,last,result);
  return std::copy (first,middle,result);
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // rotate_copy algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::rotate_copy
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  
  int main () {
  int myints[] = {10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
  
  std::vector<int> myvector (7);
  
  std::rotate_copy(myints,myints+3,myints+7,myvector.begin());
  
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Output:
  myvector contains: 40 50 60 70 10 20 30
  
  
  ----------------------------vs2015--------------------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION rotate_copy
  template<class _FwdIt,
  class _OutIt> inline
  _OutIt _Rotate_copy_unchecked(_FwdIt _First, _FwdIt _Mid, _FwdIt _Last,
  _OutIt _Dest)
  { // copy rotating [_First, _Last)
  _Dest = _Copy_unchecked(_Mid, _Last, _Dest);
  return (_Copy_unchecked(_First, _Mid, _Dest));
  }????????
• random_shuffle Randomly rearrange elements in range (随机重排序列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
  void random_shuffle (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
  RandomNumberGenerator& gen)
  {
  iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type i, n;
  n = (last-first);
  for (i=n-1; i>0; --i) {
  swap (first[i],first[gen(i+1)]);
  }
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // random_shuffle example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::random_shuffle
  #include <vector> // std::vector
  #include <ctime> // std::time
  #include <cstdlib> // std::rand, std::srand
  
  // random generator function:
  int myrandom (int i) { return std::rand()%i;}
  
  int main () {
  std::srand ( unsigned ( std::time(0) ) );
  std::vector<int> myvector;
  
  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) myvector.push_back(i); // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  
  // using built-in random generator:
  std::random_shuffle ( myvector.begin(), myvector.end() );
  
  // using myrandom:
  std::random_shuffle ( myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myrandom);
  
  // print out content:
  std::cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
  std::cout << ‘ ‘ << *it;
  
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Possible output:
  myvector contains: 3 4 1 6 8 9 2 7 5
  
  -----------------------------------------vs2015-----------------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION shuffle WITH URNG
  template<class _RanIt,
  class _Fn1> inline
  void _Random_shuffle_unchecked(_RanIt _First, _RanIt _Last, _Fn1& _Func)
  { // shuffle nonempty [_First, _Last) using random function _Func
  if (_Last - _First < 2)
  return;
  
  _RanIt _Next = _First;
  for (_Iter_diff_t<_RanIt> _Index = 2; ++_Next != _Last; ++_Index)
  { // randomly swap element with self or earlier element
  _Iter_diff_t<_RanIt> _Off = _Func(_Index);
  
  #if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL == 2
  if (_Off < 0 || _Index <= _Off)
  { // report error
  _DEBUG_ERROR("random value out of range");
  _SCL_SECURE_OUT_OF_RANGE;
  }
  
  #elif _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL == 1
  _SCL_SECURE_VALIDATE_RANGE(0 <= _Off && _Off < _Index);
  #endif /* _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL */
  
  _STD iter_swap(_Next, _First + _Off);
  }
  }????????
• shuffle Randomly rearrange elements in range using generator (使用生成函数随机排列 )
• 观察本质
  template <class RandomAccessIterator, class URNG>
  void shuffle (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, URNG&& g)
  {
  for (auto i=(last-first)-1; i>0; --i) {
  std::uniform_int_distribution<decltype(i)> d(0,i);
  swap (first[i], first[d(g)]);
  }
  }
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // shuffle algorithm example
  #include <iostream> // std::cout
  #include <algorithm> // std::shuffle
  #include <array> // std::array
  #include <random> // std::default_random_engine
  #include <chrono> // std::chrono::system_clock
  
  int main () {
  std::array<int,5> foo {1,2,3,4,5};
  
  // obtain a time-based seed:
  unsigned seed = std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
  
  shuffle (foo.begin(), foo.end(), std::default_random_engine(seed));
  
  std::cout << "shuffled elements:";
  for (int& x: foo) std::cout << ‘ ‘ << x;
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
  
  return 0;
  }
  
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Possible output:
  shuffled elements: 3 1 4 2 5
  
  
  --------------------------------------vs2015----------------------------------
  // TEMPLATE FUNCTION shuffle WITH URNG
  template<class _RanIt,
  class _Fn1> inline
  void _Random_shuffle_unchecked(_RanIt _First, _RanIt _Last, _Fn1& _Func)
  { // shuffle nonempty [_First, _Last) using random function _Func
  if (_Last - _First < 2)
  return;
  
  _RanIt _Next = _First;
  for (_Iter_diff_t<_RanIt> _Index = 2; ++_Next != _Last; ++_Index)
  { // randomly swap element with self or earlier element
  _Iter_diff_t<_RanIt> _Off = _Func(_Index);
  
  #if _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL == 2
  if (_Off < 0 || _Index <= _Off)
  { // report error
  _DEBUG_ERROR("random value out of range");
  _SCL_SECURE_OUT_OF_RANGE;
  }
  
  #elif _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL == 1
  _SCL_SECURE_VALIDATE_RANGE(0 <= _Off && _Off < _Index);
  #endif /* _ITERATOR_DEBUG_LEVEL */
  
  _STD iter_swap(_Next, _First + _Off);
  }
  }
  ????????????
• 小结
• copy 系列与swap要确保输出的空间长度，一定要大于源空间长度。
• copy系列保持了原序列不变，它们都是拷贝了一份到新序列，产生了新序列。copy copy_n copy_if copy_backward
• 交换swap会改变原序列 swap swap_ranges
• 替换replace系列中 replace与replace_if会改变原序列。
• 移除系列中remove与remove_if使用时，一定要注意返回值所表达的意义。返回的是第一个垃圾数据的位置，垃圾数据需要手动删除。
• 移除系列中remove与remove_if在原序列中移除，但不做删除，会有垃圾数据产生。
• 移除系列 remove_copy和remove_copy_if不会产生垃圾数据。它们会保存在一个新的序列。
• 生成函数系列 generate按需求生成 generate_n按条件生成多少个
• 最后就是对已有数据进行加工的系列算法 unique去重 unique_copy去重拷贝 reverse逆转 reverse_copy 逆转并拷贝 rotate折半旋转 rotate_copy旋转并拷贝 random_shuffle随机重排等。

STL(14)变动型算法