/**
 * A stage is a set of independent tasks all computing the same function that need to run as part
 * of a Spark job, where all the tasks have the same shuffle dependencies. Each DAG of tasks run
 * by the scheduler is split up into stages at the boundaries where shuffle occurs, and then the
 * DAGScheduler runs these stages in topological order.
 *
 * Each Stage can either be a shuffle map stage, in which case its tasks‘ results are input for
 * another stage, or a result stage, in which case its tasks directly compute the action that
 * initiated a job (e.g. count(), save(), etc). For shuffle map stages, we also track the nodes
 * that each output partition is on.
 *
 * Each Stage also has a jobId, identifying the job that first submitted the stage.  When FIFO
 * scheduling is used, this allows Stages from earlier jobs to be computed first or recovered
 * faster on failure.
 *
 * The callSite provides a location in user code which relates to the stage. For a shuffle map
 * stage, the callSite gives the user code that created the RDD being shuffled. For a result
 * stage, the callSite gives the user code that executes the associated action (e.g. count()).
 *
 * A single stage can consist of multiple attempts. In that case, the latestInfo field will
 * be updated for each attempt.
 *
 */
private[spark] class Stage(
    val id: Int,
    val rdd: RDD[_],
    val numTasks: Int,
    val shuffleDep: Option[ShuffleDependency[_, _, _]],  // Output shuffle if stage is a map stage
    val parents: List[Stage],
    val jobId: Int,
    val callSite: CallSite)
  extends Logging {

val isShuffleMap = shuffleDep.isDefined
val numPartitions = rdd.partitions.size
val outputLocs = Array.fill[List[MapStatus]](numPartitions)(Nil)
var numAvailableOutputs = 0

/** Set of jobs that this stage belongs to. */
val jobIds = new HashSet[Int]

/** For stages that are the final (consists of only ResultTasks), link to the ActiveJob. */
var resultOfJob: Option[ActiveJob] = None
var pendingTasks = new HashSet[Task[_]]

def addOutputLoc(partition: Int, status: MapStatus) {

/**
 * Result returned by a ShuffleMapTask to a scheduler. Includes the block manager address that the
 * task ran on as well as the sizes of outputs for each reducer, for passing on to the reduce tasks.
 * The map output sizes are compressed using MapOutputTracker.compressSize.
 */
private[spark] class MapStatus(var location: BlockManagerId, var compressedSizes: Array[Byte])