>>> import datetime>>> from django.utils import timezone>>> from polls.models import Question>>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))>>> future_question.was_published_recently()True

import datetimefrom django.utils import timezonefrom django.test import TestCasefrom .models import Questionclass QuestionModelTests(TestCase):    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):        """        was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date        is in the future.        """        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

python manage.py test polls

def was_published_recently(self):    now = timezone.now()    return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):    """    was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date    is older than 1 day.    """    time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)    old_question = Question(pub_date=time)    self.assertIs(old_question.was_published_recently(), False)def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):    """    was_published_recently() returns True for questions whose pub_date    is within the last day.    """    time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)    recent_question = Question(pub_date=time)    self.assertIs(recent_question.was_published_recently(), True)

>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment>>> setup_test_environment()

>>> client = Client()

>>> # get a response from ‘/‘>>> response = client.get(‘/‘)Not Found: />>> # we should expect a 404 from that address; if you instead see an>>> # "Invalid HTTP_HOST header" error and a 400 response, you probably>>> # omitted the setup_test_environment() call described earlier.>>> response.status_code404>>> # on the other hand we should expect to find something at ‘/polls/‘>>> # we‘ll use ‘reverse()‘ rather than a hardcoded URL>>> from django.urls import reverse>>> response = client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))>>> response.status_code200>>> response.contentb‘\n    <ul>\n    \n        <li><a href="http://www.mamicode.com/polls/1/">What‘s up?</a></li>\n    \n    </ul>\n\n‘>>> response.context[‘latest_question_list‘]<QuerySet [<Question: What‘s up?>]>

class IndexView(generic.ListView):    template_name = ‘polls/index.html‘    context_object_name = ‘latest_question_list‘    def get_queryset(self):        """Return the last five published questions."""        return Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]

def get_queryset(self):    """    Return the last five published questions (not including those set to be    published in the future).    """    from django.utils import timezone    return Question.objects.filter(        pub_date__lte=timezone.now()    ).order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]

from django.urls import reversedef create_question(question_text, days):    """    Create a question with the given `question_text` and published the    given number of `days` offset to now (negative for questions published    in the past, positive for questions that have yet to be published).    """    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)    return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):    def test_no_questions(self):        """        If no questions exist, an appropriate message is displayed.        """        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context[‘latest_question_list‘], [])    def test_past_question(self):        """        Questions with a pub_date in the past are displayed on the        index page.        """        create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context[‘latest_question_list‘],            [‘<Question: Past question.>‘]        )    def test_future_question(self):        """        Questions with a pub_date in the future aren‘t displayed on        the index page.        """        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context[‘latest_question_list‘], [])    def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):        """        Even if both past and future questions exist, only past questions        are displayed.        """        create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context[‘latest_question_list‘],            [‘<Question: Past question.>‘]        )    def test_two_past_questions(self):        """        The questions index page may display multiple questions.        """        create_question(question_text="Past question 1.", days=-30)        create_question(question_text="Past question 2.", days=-5)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context[‘latest_question_list‘],            [‘<Question: Past question 2.>‘, ‘<Question: Past question 1.>‘]        )