Given a triangle, find the minimum path sum from top to bottom. Each step you may move to adjacent numbers on the row below.

For example, given the following triangle

[
     [2],
    [3,4],
   [6,5,7],
  [4,1,8,3]
]

The minimum path sum from top to bottom is 11 (i.e., 2 + 3 + 5 + 1 = 11).

Note:
Bonus point if you are able to do this using only O(n) extra space, where n is the total number of rows in the triangle.

思路1：搜索题，找出从顶到底路径中最小的和，则要在所有路径中即可行解中找出最优解。

直接用dfs查找TLE，因为有很多路径重复计算了。

class Solution {public:    int minimumTotal(vector<vector<int> > &triangle) {        if (triangle.empty()) return 0;        ans = INT_MAX;        dfs(triangle, 1, 0, triangle[0][0]);        return ans;    }private:    int ans;    void dfs(vector<vector<int> > &triangle, int depth, int col, int sum) {        // update solution        if (depth == triangle.size()) {            if (sum < ans)                ans = sum;            return;        }        dfs(triangle, depth + 1, col, sum + triangle[depth][col]);        dfs(triangle, depth + 1, col + 1, sum + triangle[depth][col + 1]);    }};

class Solution {
public:
    int minimumTotal(vector<vector<int> > &triangle) {
        if (triangle.empty()) return 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < triangle.size(); ++i) {
            memory.push_back(vector<int>(triangle[i].size(), INT_MAX));
        }
        return find(triangle, 0, 0);
    }
private:
    vector<vector<int> > memory;
    int find(vector<vector<int> > &triangle, int depth, int col) {
        if (memory[depth][col] != INT_MAX) {
            return memory[depth][col];
        }
        
        if (depth == triangle.size() - 1) {
            return memory[depth][col] = triangle[depth][col];
        }
        int left_sum = find(triangle, depth + 1, col);
        int right_sum = find(triangle, depth + 1, col + 1);
        
        int min_sum = min(left_sum, right_sum);
        min_sum += triangle[depth][col];
        
        return memory[depth][col] = min_sum;
    }
};

方程：dp[i][j] = min(dp[i+1][j], dp[i+1][j+1]) + triangle[i][j] ( 0 <= i < max_depth-1)。

class Solution {
public:
    int minimumTotal(vector<vector<int> > &triangle) {
        if (triangle.empty()) return 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < triangle.size(); ++i) {
            dp.push_back(vector<int>(triangle[i].size(), 0));
        }
        int depth = triangle.size() - 1;
        int col = 0;
        for ( ; col < triangle[depth].size(); ++col) {
            dp[depth][col] = triangle[depth][col];
        }
        for (depth = triangle.size() - 2; depth >= 0; --depth) {
            for (col = 0; col < triangle[depth].size(); ++col) {
                dp[depth][col] = min(dp[depth + 1][col], dp[depth + 1][col + 1]) + triangle[depth][col];
            }
        }
        return dp[0][0];
    }
private:
    vector<vector<int> > dp;
};